Virginia

• Pages: 2513-2560

Chapter 50

for the

COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA

Updated and Revised by

Peter D. Isakoff, Esq.

Carrie M. Anderson, Esq.

Weil, Gotshal & Manges LLP

Washington, D.C.

The Section of Antitrust Law gratefully acknowledges Barbara O. Bruckmann, Esq.,

Ray V. Hartwell III, Esq., Gregory L. Kinzelman, Esq., Shari D. Leventhal, Esq.,

Holly Loiseau, Esq., and Mark D. Wegener, Esq. for their work on this chapter in

prior editions.

Virginia 50-iii

CONTENTS

1. Introduction ....................................................................................................1

1.a. Overview...........................................................................................1

1.b. Source of Law–Statutes and Other....................................................1

1.c. History...............................................................................................2

1.d. Relation to Federal Law....................................................................2

1.e. Remedies...........................................................................................2

1.f. Enforcement......................................................................................3

2. The Per Se Rule and the Rule of Reason ........................................................3

3. Horizontal Agreements Other Than Group Boycotts .....................................4

3.a. Price Fixing .......................................................................................4

3.b. Market Allocation .............................................................................5

3.c. Customer Allocation .........................................................................5

3.d. Bid Rigging.......................................................................................6

3.e. Covenants Not to Compete ............................................................... 6

4. Group Boycotts...............................................................................................7

4.a. Concerted Refusals to Deal ...............................................................7

4.b. Expulsion or Exclusion From Membership in Trade

Associations or Other Groups .........................................................10

5. Resale Price Maintenance.............................................................................10

5.a. Generally.........................................................................................10

5.b. Monsanto Rule................................................................................10

5.c. Impact of Leegin .............................................................................10

6. Nonprice Vertical Restraints–Intrabrand......................................................11

7. Nonprice Vertical Restraints–Interbrand......................................................11

8. Tying Arrangements..................................................................................... 11

9. Dual Distribution ..........................................................................................13

10. Intracorporate Conspiracy.............................................................................14

11. Monopolization.............................................................................................15

11.a. Monopolization...............................................................................15

11.b. Attempts to Monopolize..................................................................15

11.c. Monopoly Leveraging..................................................................... 16

11.d. Predatory Pricing.............................................................................16

11.e. Conspiracy to Monopolize ..............................................................16

12. Mergers.........................................................................................................17

13. Discrimination & Other Single Firm Pricing Regulation .............................17

13.a. Price Discrimination .......................................................................17

13.a.1. Territorial or Locality Discrimination.............................18

13.a.2. Buyer Liability ................................................................18

13.a.3. Meeting Competition Defense ........................................18

13.a.4. Functional Classifications ...............................................18

13.a.5. Preemption ......................................................................19

13.a.6. Other Defenses and Exemptions .....................................19

13.a.7. Brokerage........................................................................19

13.a.9. Promotional Allowances and Services............................20