Colorado. Practice Text

Chapter 7

for the

STATE OF COLORADO

Updated and Revised by

James E. Hartley, Esq.

Jonathan S. Bender, Esq.

Holland & Hart LLP

Denver, Colorado

The Section of Antitrust Law thanks Jan Michael Zavislan, Deputy Attorney

General, Colorado Attorney General’s Office, for his review of this chapter.

The Section gratefully acknowledges Barry E. Cohen, Esq., M. Antonio Gallegos,

Esq., Dawnee Giammittorio, Esq., Thorvald A. Nelson, Esq., B. Lawrence Theis,

Esq., and Nancy A. Trethewey, Esq. for their work on this chapter in prior editions.

Colorado 7-iii

CONTENTS

1.



Introduction ................................................................................................... 1



1.a.



Overview ........................................................................................... 1



1.d.



Relation to Federal Law .................................................................... 1



1.e.



Remedies ........................................................................................... 2



1.f.



Enforcement ...................................................................................... 2



2.



The Per Se Rule and the Rule of Reason ....................................................... 3



3.



Horizontal Agreements Other Than Group Boycotts .................................... 4



3.a.



Price Fixing ....................................................................................... 4



3.b.



Market Allocation ............................................................................. 5



3.d.



Bid Rigging ....................................................................................... 5



3.e.



Covenants Not to Compete ............................................................... 6



4.



Group Boycotts .............................................................................................. 7



4.a.



Concerted Refusals to Deal ............................................................... 8



4.b.



Expulsion or Exclusion from Membership in Trade

Associations or Other Groups ........................................................... 8



5.



Resale Price Maintenance .............................................................................. 9



5.a.



Generally ........................................................................................... 9



5.b.



Monsanto Rule .................................................................................. 9



5.c.



Impact of Leegin ............................................................................. 10



6.



Nonprice Vertical Restraints–Intrabrand ..................................................... 10



7.



Nonprice Vertical Restraints–Interbrand ..................................................... 10



8.



Tying Arrangements .................................................................................... 11



9.



Dual Distribution ......................................................................................... 12



10.



Intracorporate Conspiracy............................................................................ 12



11.



Monopolization ............................................................................................ 12



11.a.



Monopolization ............................................................................... 12



11.c.



Monopoly Leveraging ..................................................................... 13



12.



Mergers ........................................................................................................ 13



13.



Discrimination & Other Forms of Single Firm Pricing Regulation ............. 14



13.a.



Price Discrimination ....................................................................... 14



13.a.1.



Territorial or Locality Discrimination .......................... 14



13.a.2.



Buyer Liability ............................................................. 15



13.a.3.



Meeting Competition Defense ..................................... 15



13.a.6.



Other Defenses and Exemptions .................................. 15



13.a.8.



Secret Payments or Allowances ................................... 16



13.a.9.



Promotional Allowances and Services ......................... 16



13.a.10.



Sales Below Cost and Loss Leaders............................. 16



13.c.



Specific Industry Rules ................................................................... 19



13.c.2.



Cigarettes ..................................................................... 19



13.c.4.



Fuel and Petroleum ...................................................... 19



14.



Exemptions and Defenses to Antitrust Liability .......................................... 20



14.a.



Statutory Exemptions and Defenses ................................................ 20



14.a.1.



State Action .................................................................. 20



14.a.4.



Statute of Limitations ................................................... 20

