Sex discrimination

• Author: Laura M. Franze/Patrick J. Maher
• Pages: 757-810

SEX DISCRIMINATION

19-1

CHAPTER 19

SEX DISCRIMINATION

BY LAURA M. FRANZE AND PATRICK J. MAHER

19:1. SCOPE OF CHAPTER

19:2. TITLE VII AND TEXAS LABOR CODE GENDER DISCRIMINATION PROHIBITIONS

A. Title VII

B. Chapter 21 of the Texas Labor Code

C. Statute of Limitations

D. Theories of Proof

1. Disparate Treatment

a. Generally

b. Elements and Burdens of Proof

c. Patterns or Practice

2. Disparate or Adverse Impact

a. Generally

b. Elements and Burdens of Proof

c. Application to Sex-Based Compensation Plan

3. Retaliation

E. The Bona Fide Occupational Qualif‌ication Defense

F. Remedies

19:3. THE EQUAL PAY ACT OF 1963

A. Coverage

B. Elements of an EPA Claim

C. Aff‌irmative Defenses

19:4. PREGNANCY DISCRIMINATION

A. The Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978

B. Texas Labor Code Prohibition Against Pregnancy Discrimination

C. Proving Discrimination

D. Disability and Return to Work Issues

1. Medical Leave and the PDA

2. Relationship Between the PDA and the Americans With Disabilities Act

E. Parental Leave: The Relationship Between the PDA and the FMLA

1. Coverage

2. Leave From Work

3. Returning to Work

SEX DISCRIMINATION

Texas Employment Law 19-2

4. Nursing Mothers

F. Fetal Protection Issues

G. Reproductive Discrimination

19:5. OTHER SPECIFIC TYPES OF SEX DISCRIMINATION

A. “Sex Plus” Policies

1. Sex Plus Marriage

2. Sex Plus Parenthood

3. Sex Plus Grooming and Appearance Policies

4. Sex Plus Race or Other Protected Classif‌ication

B. “No Fraternization” or “No-Spouse” Policies

C. Gender Concerns in Pre-Employment Interviews

D. Sex Discrimination Against Males

E. Sexual Preference Discrimination

F. Section 1981 of the Civil Rights Act of 1866

G. Special Industry “Glass Ceiling” Issues

H. OFCCP Compensation Audits and EEO-1 Pay Transparency

19:6. SEXUAL STEREOTYPING

A. Common Sexual Stereotypes

B. Proving Sexual Stereotyping

1. Indirect Evidence

2. Direct Evidence

3. Expert Testimony

4. Issue Preclusion

C. Examples of Cases Alleging Sexual Stereotyping

1. Pre-Employment Inter views

2. Appearance/Grooming Standards

3. Glass Ceiling Cases

19:7. DAMAGES ISSUES IN INDIVIDUAL SEX DISCRIMINATION CASES

A. Compensatory Damages

B. Mental Anguish Damages

C. Punitive Damages

D. Mitigation of Damages

E. Limits on Damages Awards

1. Deductions From Back Pay

2. After- Acquired Evidence

19:8. GENDER CLASS ACTION ISSUES

A. Historical Overview: Sex Segregation in Employment

1. Substantially Equal

2. Comparable Worth

3. Funneling

4. Shift Toward Plaintiffs

B. Lack of Interest Defense

APPENDIX

Appendix 19-1 Special Government Contractor Issues—DOL’s Glass Ceiling Initiative

Appendix 19-2 Special Government Contractor Issues—OFCCP Compensation Audits

SEX DISCRIMINATION

19-3 Sex Discrimination §19:2

19:1. SCOPE OF CHAPTER

Τηισ χηαπτερ δισχυσσεσ τηε µαϕορ στατυτορψ ανδ χονστιτυτιοναλ σουρχεσ οφ γενδερ δισχριµινατιον χλαιµσ υνδερ

βοτη Τεξασ ανδ φεδεραλ λαω. Φορ τηε µοστ παρτ, Τεξασ λαω γοϖερνινγ σεξ δισχριµινατιον ιν εµπλοψµεντ φολλοωσ τηε

  

   



   



−



   





Τηισ χηαπτερ φοχυσεσ ον χλαιµσ οφ γενδερ δισχριµινατιον ιν ϕοβ ρεχρυιτµεντ, ηιρινγ, τραινινγ, ϕοβ ασσιγνµεντ,



Τηε χηαπτερ αλσο δισχυσσεσ σεξ σεγρεγατιον, χλασσ αχτιον γενδερ δισχριµινατιον χασεσ, ανδ πρεγνανχψ−ρελατεδ ισσυεσ.



19:2. TITLE VII AND TEXAS LABOR CODE

GENDER DISCRIMINATION PROHIBITIONS

A. Title VII







Ιδ.   

παψρολλ. Ωαλτερσ ϖ. Μετρο. Εδυχ. Εντερ., Ινχ.

 διχτυµ  

  Ιδ 

   

Σεε γενεραλλψ 



PRACTICE NOTE

The United States Supreme Court has held that the numerical threshold of employees for Title VII coverage is

an element of the plaintiff’s claim for relief and is not jurisdictional. Arbaugh v. Y & H Corp., 546 U.S. 500,

516 (2006). Consequently, an employer intending to contest Title VII coverage risks waiving this argument by

not timely raising it. See Arbaugh, 546 U.S. at 504 (employer failed to assert the objection until after losing

a trial on the merits).

B. Chapter 21 of the Texas Labor Code

   

   

   

Homann-La Roche Inc. v. Zeltwanger

