Age discrimination
Author | Laura M. Franze/Rod Tanner |
Pages | 977-1010 |
23-1
AGE
DISCRIMINATION
CHAPTER 23
AGE DISCRIMINATION
BY LAURA M. FRANZE AND ROD TANNER
23:1. FEDERAL AGE DISCRIMINATION IN EMPLOYMENT ACT (ADEA)
A. Purpose and Scope
B. Covered Persons and Entities
1. Employers
a. Parent Corporation as Employer
b. Individual Supervisor as Employer
c. Immunit y Under 11th Amendment
2. Covered Employees
a. Employees Over the Age of 40
b. Americans Working Abroad
c. The Bona Fide Executive or High Policy-Making Position Exemption
d. Coverage for Retiree Benefits
3. The ADEA Does Not Prohibit Reverse Discrimination
C. Administrative Procedures
1. Comparison to Title VII
2. Exhaustion of Remedies
23:2. TEXAS COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS ACT
A. Prohibited Conduct
B. Covered Persons and Entities
1. Employers
2. Exempt Employees
C. Administrative Procedures
D. Relationship Between TCHRA and ADEA
23:3. PROVING AN AGE DISCRIMINATION CLAIM
A. Disparate Treatment Prima Facie Case
1. Shifting Burdens of Proof
2. Employer’s Burden of Production
3. Proving Pretext
a. Proving Pretext Generally
b. Employer’s Stated Reason Is Demonstrably False or
Employer Has Given Inconsistent Reasons for Discharge
c. Nonsensical, Arbitrary, Inconsistent or Capricious Employment Decisions
d. Age-Related Remarks
Texas Employment Law 23-2
AGE
DISCRIMINATION
4. Evidence Sufficient to Defeat Claim of Age Bias
a. Reasonable Business Decision
b. “Same Actor Defense”
B. Disparate Impact Prima Facie Case
C. Reduction in Force Cases
D. Class Action Age Discrimination Claims
23:4. AVAILABLE REMEDIES
A. ADEA Claims
1. Back Pay
2. Reinstatement v. Front Pay
3. Liquidated Damages
a. Willful Violation
b. Relationship to Punitive Damages
4. Attorneys ’ Fees
B. TCHRA Claims
C. Offsets and Deductions
D. Mitigation of Damages
23:5. DEFENSES TO AGE DISCRIMINATION CLAIMS
A. ADEA Statutory Defenses
1. Defenses to Claim of Intentional Discrimination
2. Defenses to Claim of Disparate Impact Discrimination Under the ADEA
B. TCHRA Defenses
23:6. WAIVER AND SETTLEMENT OF ADEA CLAIMS
A. Individual Employee Waiver
B. Reduction in Force (“RIF”) Waiver
C. Practical Ramifications of Releases/Waivers
1. Proof of Consciousness of Guilt
2. Enhanced Severance Benefits to Employee
3. RIF Cases: Rescission on Grounds of Involuntarily Execution
23:7. ARBITRATION
23-3 Age Discrimination §23:1
AGE
DISCRIMINATION
23:1.FEDERAL AGE DISCRIMINATION IN EMPLOYMENT ACT (ADEA)
A. Purpose and Scope
Τηε φεδεραλ Αγε ∆ισχριµινατιον ιν Εµπλοψµεντ Αχτ (Α∆ΕΑ), 29 Υ.Σ.Χ.Α. ♣621 (1985), βροαδλψ προηιβιτσ
δισχριµινατορψ εµπλοψµεντ πραχτιχεσ βασεδ ον αγε. Εξχεπτ ιν χερταιν λιµιτεδ σιτυατιονσ, τηε Α∆ΕΑ προηιβιτσ δισ−
χριµινατιον αγαινστ ινδιϖιδυαλσ 40 ψεαρσ οφ αγε ορ ολδερ. Ιδ. ♣631(α). Χονγρεσσ εναχτεδ τηε Α∆ΕΑ το προµοτε τηε
εµπλοψµεντ οφ ολδερ περσονσ βασεδ ον τηειρ αβιλιτψ, ανδ το προηιβιτ αρβιτραρψ αγε δισχριµινατιον ιν εµπλοψµεντ. Ιδ.
ινχορπορατεσ τηε ρεµεδιαλ προϖισιονσ οφ τηε ΦΛΣΑ.
Τηε Α∆ΕΑ προηιβιτσ δισχριµινατιον ιν ϖιρτυαλλψ αλλ ασπεχτσ οφ τηε εµπλοψµεντ ρελατιονσηιπ, ινχλυδινγ ηιρινγ,
τηατ ιτ σηαλλ βε υνλαωφυλ φορ αν εµπλοψερ το:
Φαιλ ορ ρεφυσε το ηιρε ορ το δισχηαργε ανψ ινδιϖιδυαλ ορ οτηερωισε δισχριµινατε αγαινστ ανψ ινδιϖιδυαλ ωιτη ρεσπεχτ
το ηισ χοµπενσατιον, τερµσ, χονδιτιονσ, ορ πριϖιλεγεσ οφ εµπλοψµεντ, βεχαυσε οφ συχη ινδιϖιδυαλσ αγε;
Λιµιτ, σεγρεγατε, ορ χλασσιφψ εµπλοψεεσ ιν ανψ ωαψ ωηιχη ωουλδ δεπριϖε ορ τενδ το δεπριϖε ανψ ινδιϖιδυαλ
ινδιϖιδυαλσ αγε;
Ρεδυχε τηε ωαγε ρατε οφ ανψ εµπλοψεε ιν ορδερ το οτηερωισε χοµπλψ ωιτη τηε Α∆ΕΑ; ορ
∆ισχριµινατε ορ ρεταλιατε αγαινστ αν εµπλοψεε φορ οπποσινγ ανψ πραχτιχε µαδε ιλλεγαλ υνδερ τηε Α∆ΕΑ ορ
φορ παρτιχιπατινγ ιν αν ινϖεστιγατιον, προχεεδινγ, ορ λιτιγατιον ινϖολϖινγ α χηαργε οφ δισχριµινατιον υνδερ
τηε Α∆ΕΑ.
29 Υ.Σ.Χ.Α. ♣623 (1985).
B. Covered Persons and Entities
1. Employers
Τηε Α∆ΕΑ αππλιεσ το εµπλοψερσ, εµπλοψµεντ αγενχιεσ, ανδ λαβορ οργανιζατιονσ. Ιδ. ♣623(α)−(χ).Αν εµπλοψερ
ωορκινγ δαψ ιν εαχη οφ τωεντψ ορ µορε χαλενδαρ ωεεκσ ιν τηε χυρρεντ ορ πρεχεδινγ χαλενδαρ ψεαρ. Ιδ. Τηισ χηαπτερ
φοχυσεσ ον τηε αππλιχατιον οφ τηε Α∆ΕΑ το αν εµπλοψερ.
PRACTICE NOTE
A case is currently (October 2018) pending before the Supreme Court that could drastically change the “20
employee” requirement set forth in the ADEA. See Mount Lemmon Fire Dist. v. Guido, 138 S. Ct. 1165 (2018).
At issue in Mount Lemmon is whether the ADEA applies to a local “special district” in Arizona that has less
than 20 employees. See Guido v. Mount Lemmon Fire Dist., 859 F.3d 1168, 1170 (9th Cir. 2017). The Sixth,
Seventh, Eighth and Tenth Circuits have all held that the ADEA applies to special districts and similar entities
only if they have 20 or more employees. See EEOC v. Monclova Township, 920 F.2d 360, 363 (6th Cir.
1990); Kelly v. Wauconda Park Dist., 801 F.2d 269, 270 (7th Cir. 1986); Palmer v. Ark. Council on Econ.
Educ., 154 F.3d 892, 896 (8th Cir. 1998); Cink v. Grant Cty., 635 Fed App’x 470, 474, n. 5 (10th Cir. 2015).
The Fifth and Ninth Circuits have both reached the opposite conclusion. Mount Lemmon, set for oral arguments
on October 1, 2018, will resolve the circuit split.
a. Parent Corporation as Employer
τηατ τηε παρεντ χορπορατιονρατηερ τηαν τηε συβσιδιαρψ φορ ωηοµ ηε ορ σηε ωορκσισ τηε εµπλοψερ φορ πυρποσεσ
οφ τηε Α∆ΕΑ. Χουρτσ υσε ϖαριουσ τεστσ το δετερµινε ωηετηερ α παρεντ χορπορατιον χαν βε ηελδ λιαβλε φορ τηε αχτσ οφ
α συβσιδιαρψ. [Ω]ηατεϖερ αναλψτιχαλ φραµεωορκ τηε χουρτ εµπλοψσ, τηε ουτχοµε ισ λικελψ το βε τηε σαµε: Ωηερε
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