Proof: Order, Burdens and Standards

• Author: Edward L. Birnbaum/Carl T. Grasso/Ariel E. Belen
• Pages: 99-124

PROOF

22-1

CHAPTER 22

PROOF: ORDER, BURDENS

AND STANDARDS

I. ORDER OF PROOF

§22:01 Party With Burden Goes First

§22:02 Court’s Authority to Vary Sequence

II. BURDEN OF PROOF

A. Plaintiff

§22:10 Plaintiff Must Present Prima Facie Case

§22:11 Presumptions and Inferences

B. Defendant

§22:20 Defendant’s Burden to Defend

§22:21 Defendant’s Burden on Aff‌irmative Defenses

§22:22 Examples of Aff‌irmative Defenses

§22:23 Defendant’s Burden on Apportionment When Other Defendants Have Settled

III. STANDARDS OF PROOF

A. Weight and Suff‌iciency

§22:30 Weight

§22:31 Suff‌iciency

B. Standards

§22:40 Four Standards in Civil Trials

§22:41 Beyond Reasonable Doubt

§22:42 Clear and Convincing Evidence

§22:43 Clear and Convincing Standard Applied

§22:44 Preponderance of the Evidence

§22:45 Standard of Proof: Lesser Degree

§22:46 Standard of Proof: Lesser Degree in FELA Cases

§22:47 Standard of Proof: Substantial Evidence

IV. ADMISSIBILIT Y AND RELEVANCY

§22:50 Relevance of Evidence

§22:51 Reliability of Evidence

§22:52 Exclusion of Relevant Evidence

V. INTRODUCTION AND WITHDRAWAL OF EVIDENCE

§22:60 Introduction of Evidence

§22:61 Withdrawal of Admitted Evidence

PROOF

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