Presenting Nontestimonial Evidence
| Author | Edward L. Birnbaum/Carl T. Grasso/Ariel E. Belen |
| Pages | 251-308 |
NONTESTIMONIAL
EVIDENCE
28-1
CHAPTER 28
PRESENTING
NONTESTIMONIAL EVIDENCE
I. OVERVIEW
§28:01 What Is Nontestimonial Evidence?
§28:02 Requirements for Admission
§28:03 Publishing Nontestimonial Evidence to the Jury
§28:04 Available to Jury During Deliberations
II. DOCUMENTS
A. General Points
§28:10 Definition
§28:11 Dealing With Large Documents
§28:12 Portions of Document Illegible
§28:13 Document May Be Admissible as an Admission
B. Best Evidence Rule and Exceptions
§28:20 Best Evidence
§28:21 Reproductions [CPLR 4539]
§28:22 Summaries of Voluminous Documents
C. Foundation
§28:30 Laying Foundation
§28:31 Foundation for Business Records
§28:32 Information in Document at Issue
§28:33 Hospital and Physician Records
§28:34 Public Records
§28:35 Proof of Signature
§28:36 Proof of Absence of Records
§28:37 Electronic Documents in General
§28:38 Documents From Websites
§28:39 Scientific Device Generated Data
D. Objections
§28:40 Objections to Document Admissibility
§28:41 Waiver of Foundation Objections
III. PLEADINGS AND DISCOVERY RESPONSES
§28:50 Pleadings as Evidence
§28:51 Discovery Responses as Evidence
§28:52 Using Discover y Responses
§28:53 Limitations on the Use of Pleadings and Discovery Documents
NONTESTIMONIAL
EVIDENCE
New York Trial Notebook 28-2
IV. DEMONSTRATIVE EVIDENCE
A. General Points
§28:60 Distinction Between Intrinsic and Specially Created Evidence
§28:61 Admission Within Trial Court’s Discretion
§28:62 Specially Created Evidence Closely Scrutinized
B. Photographs
1. Admissibility in General
§28:70 Requirements for Admission
§28:71 Relevance
§28:72 Foundation
§28:73 Relevance and Foundation May Be Related
§28:74 Case Examples: Photos Admissible
§28:75 Case Examples: Photos Not Admissible
2. Specific Admissibility Problems
§28:80 Changes in Surrounding Terrain
§28:81 Long Lasting Versus Ephemeral Defects
§28:82 Photos of Identical Items
§28:83 Staged Photos
§28:84 Gruesome Photos
§28:85 Photographic Blowups
3. Displaying Photos
§28:90 Methods
§28:91 X -Rays
C. Movies and Videos
§28:100 Admissibility of Movies and Videos
§28:101 Limitations on Movies or Videos
§28:102 Preparing to Use Movies or Videos in Court
§28:103 Showing the Movie or Video
§28:104 Sound Recordings
D. Diagrams, Drawings, Charts, and Graphs
§28:110 Use of Diagrams and Drawings
§28:111 Use of Charts and Graphs
§28:112 Consider Creating Exhibit in Court
§28:113 Ready-Made Charts
§28:114 Admissibility of Charts and Graphs
§28:115 Admissibility of “Algorithms”
§28:116 Use of PowerPoint
E. Tangible Things
§28:120 Foundation for Tangible Things
§28:121 Within Court’s Discretion
§28:122 Use When Possible
§28:123 Bulky Items
§28:124 Models and Mockups
F. Displays and Demonstrations
1. Use
§28:130 Convincing as Evidence
§28:131 Potential for Prejudice
2. Displays and Demonstrations of Injuries
§28:140 Permitted Within Court’s Discretion
§28:141 Live Displays of Injuries Versus Photos or Videos
§28:142 Displays and Demonstrations Involving Hearing and Touch
§28:143 Demonstrations by Third Persons
NONTESTIMONIAL
EVIDENCE
28-3 Presenting Nontestimonial Evidence
3. Experiments
§28:150 Use of Experiments
§28:151 Accident Reenactments
§28:152 Live Experiments and Demonstrations Versus Videotape
V. JURY VIEWS
§28:160 Statutory Procedures for Jury Views
§28:161 When Jury View Is Proper
§28:162 Not Limited to Sight
§28:163 Jury View of Large Objects Outside Courtroom
§28:164 Unauthorized Jury Views
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