Thief Executives: How corporations and their apologists blew up the New Deal order and pillaged the middle class.

• Author: Cooper, Ryan
• Position: On political books - Transaction Man: The Rise of the Deal and the Decline of the American Dream - Book review

Transaction Man: The Rise of the Deal and the Decline of the American Dream

by Nicholas Lemann

Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 320 pp.

America has long had a suspicious streak toward business, from the Populists and trustbusters to Bernie Sanders and Elizabeth Warren. It's a tendency that has increased over the last few decades. In 1973, 36 percent of respondents told Gallup they had only "some" confidence in big business, while 20 percent had "very little." But in 2019, those numbers were 41 and 32 percent--near the highs registered during the financial crisis.

Clearly, something has happened to make us sour on the American corporation. What was once a stable source of long-term employment and at least a modicum of paternalistic benefits has become an unstable, predatory engine of inequality. Exactly what went wrong is well documented in Nicholas Lemann's excellent new book, Transaction Man. The title is a reference to The Organization Man, an influential 1956 book on the corporate culture and management of that era. Lemann, a New Yorker staff writer and Columbia journalism professor (as well as a Washington Monthly contributing editor), details the development of the "Organization" style through the career of Adolf Berle, a member of Franklin D. Roosevelt's brain trust. Berle argued convincingly that despite most of the nation's capital being represented by the biggest 200 or so corporations, the ostensible owners of these firms--that is, their shareholders--had little to no influence on their daily operations. Control resided instead with corporate managers and executives.

Berle was alarmed by the wealth of these mega-corporations and the political power it generated, but also believed that bigness was a necessary concomitant of economic progress. He thus argued that corporations should be tamed, not broken up. The key was to harness the corporate monstrosities, putting them to work on behalf of the citizenry.

Berle exerted major influence on the New Deal political economy, but he did not get his way every time. He was a fervent supporter of the National Industrial Recovery Act, an effort to directly control corporate prices and production, which mostly flopped before it was declared unconstitutional. Felix Frankfurter, an FDR adviser and a disciple of the great anti-monopolist Louis Brandeis, used that opportunity to build significant Brandeisian elements into New Deal structures. The New Deal social contract thus ended up being a somewhat...