The President vs. the press: from George Washington to Donald Trump, Presidents have long had a complicated relationship with the media that cover them.

• Author: Brown, Bryan
• Position: TIMES PAST

On his first full day in office in January, President Donald Trump put the news media on notice: A new sheriff was in town.

"I have a running war with the. media, " Trump said. "They are among the most dishonest human beings on Earth."

Other members of the Trump administration also lashed out. Sean Spicer, the press secretary, clashed with reporters during his first press briefing. Stephen Bannon, the president's chief strategist, called the media "the opposition party" and suggested the press should "keep its mouth shut."

Trump has had an ongoing battle with the mainstream media. He says traditional media institutions, such as newspapers and TV news, have a liberal bias and treat him unfairly. During his campaign, Trump allied himself with conservative alternative media outlets. One is Breitbart, formerly run by Bannon, which many media experts say publishes misleading and unsubstantiated information.

Mainstream reporters and commentators have pushed back at the combative tone of the new administration. They say they are treating Trump with the same level of scrutiny as any other president or public figure.

In some ways, the face-off between a president and the media that cover the White House isn't new. The role of the press as a check on government power has long been integral to American democracy, going back to the Founding Fathers.

"Were it left to me to decide whether we should have a government without newspapers, or newspapers without a government," Thomas Jefferson wrote in 1787, "I should not hesitate a moment to prefer the latter."

When relations are running smoothly, according to Mark Feldstein, a journalism professor at the University of Maryland, presidents and the media recognize that they both benefit from cooperation.

"Presidents need the media to get their message out," Feldstein says. "The media needs the president for supplying the information that's newsworthy."

But from the nation's beginning, the forces have clashed. The first U.S. newspapers were highly partisan--less interested in truthful reporting than in attacking political opponents, according to Louis Liebovich, a media historian at the University of Illinois.

"Their language was stark and personal if the president was from the party opposite of the newspaper's allegiance," Liebovich says.

Even George Washington felt the sting. The hero of the American Revolution and the first U.S. president (1789-97) was enraged by some newspapers' accusations that he sought the power of a king.

During the presidency of Washington's successor, John Adams (1797-1801), clashes with the press helped lead to Congress's passage of the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798. The nation was dangerously close to war with France, and the acts were largely aimed at keeping foreign enemies from infiltrating the U.S. But they were also meant to stifle criticism of the government by limiting press freedoms (see "Friends & Foes," fating page).

The Alien and Sedition Acts didn't last long, expiring by 1801. Still, they resulted in the arrest of dozens of newspaper publishers. And the fact that Adams backed this attack on civil liberties damaged the credibility of his presidency.

The 'First Media President'

Not every president has been at war with the press, however. Theodore Roosevelt (1901-09), who Feldstein calls "the first media president," would often gather his favorite reporters in the afternoon while he was getting a shave.

"Frequently, in mid-shave, the excitable president would spring out of his armchair, lather flying off his face, to lecture the newsmen on an issue," historian David Greenberg writes.

Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933-45) also loved the give-and-take with reporters. The press mostly protected FDR's image as a strong leader by not emphasizing how severely polio had disabled him. Photos showing the president in his wheelchair were extremely rare.

But FDR, a Democrat, did have his media battles, especially with newspapers owned by conservative Republicans. At the same time, he discovered that a new technology--radio--allowed him to speak over the heads of those papers, directly to the people. Roosevelt's famous fireside chats were broadcast into millions of homes and endeared him to the American public.

Two decades later, John F. Kennedy (1961-63) was the first president to use television to do the same thing, with live TV news conferences. He also understood the power of imagery, and gave the press controlled access to cover his glamorous family, which fascinated the public.

By JFK's time, says Liebovich, most journalists had long stopped being tied to a political party. Instead, they saw their reporting as an objective, or unbiased, search for facts. And for the most part, the White House and the press worked together peacefully.

That began to change, say historians, during the Vietnam War (1965-75). Reporters accused President Lyndon B. Johnson (1963-69) of creating a "credibility gap"--in effect, lying--about U.S. successes in a conflict that bitterly divided the American people.

Relations got even worse under President Richard Nixon (1969-74). Nixon "harbored a deep resentment against the news media," which he believed had never taken him seriously, says Feldstein, the journalism professor. He "viewed the press as the enemy and vowed revenge."

In 1971, The New York Times published the first of the Pentagon Papers, top-secret documents about the origins of the Vietnam War. Furious about the leak, Nixon escalated his attacks on the press. Reporters he disliked were placed on an "enemies...