Survey of Washington Search and Seizure Law: 2013 Update

• Publication year: 2013

Washington Law ReviewVolume 36, No.4, SUMMER 2013

ARTICLES

Survey of Washington Search and Seizure Law: 2013 Update

Justice Charles W. Johnson(fn* )

Justice Debra L. Stephens(fn**)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction.........................................................................................1581

Chapter 1 Triggering Article I, Section 7 and the Fourth Amendment: Defining Searches and Seizures................................1583

1.0 Defining "Search" Fre-Katz: "Constitutionally Protected

Areas" ................................................................................................1583

1.1 Defining "Search" Fost-Katz: The "Reasonable Expectation of Privacy"..............................................................................................1584

1.2Defining "Search" Fost-Katz: "Constitutionally

Protected Areas".................................................................................1587

1.3 Specific Applications of Fost-Katz Analysis................................1588

1.3(a) Residential Premises........................................................1588

1.3(b) Related Structures: The Curtilage and Adjoining Lands . 1590

1.3(c) "Open Fields"...................................................................1592

1.3(d) Business and Commercial Premises.................................1593

1.3(e) Automobiles and Other Motor Vehicles..........................1595

1.3(f) Personal Characteristics....................................................1596

1.3(g) Personal Effects and Papers.............................................1597

1.4 Defining Seizures of the Person....................................................1600

1.4(a) Consensual Encounters....................................................1601

1.4(b) Seizures in Vehicles.........................................................1602

1.5 Defining Seizures of Property.......................................................1603

1.6 Standing to Raise Search and Seizure Claim................................1604

Chapter 2 Standards of Proof..........................................................1607

2.0 Introduction: The Nature of Probable Cause................................1607

2.1 Probable Cause Standard: Arrest Versus Search..........................1609

2.2 Probable Cause Standard: Characteristics.....................................1611

2.2(a) Objective Test..................................................................1611

2.2(b) Quantum of Evidence Required.......................................1612

2.2(c) Individualized Suspicion..................................................1613

2.3 Information Considered: In General.............................................1614

2.3(a) Hearsay.............................................................................1615

2.3(b) Prior Arrests, Prior Convictions, and Reputation.............1616

2.3(c) Increased Electrical Consumption....................................1616

2.3(d) Polygraph Results............................................................1617

2.3(e) Taking of Blood Samples.................................................1618

2.4 Law Enforcement Officers' First-Hand Observations..................1618

2.4(a) Particular Crimes: Stolen Property...................................1618

2.4(b) Particular Crimes: Illegal Substances...............................1619

2.4(c) Association: Persons and Places.......................................1620

2.4(d) Furtive Gestures and Flight..............................................1621

2.4(e) Response to Questioning..................................................1622

2.5 Information from an Informant: In General..................................1623

2.5(a) Satisfying the "Basis of Knowledge" Prong by Personal

Knowledge..................................................................................1624

2.5(b) Satisfying the "Veracity" Prong by Past Performance.....1626

2.5(c) Satisfying the "Veracity" Prong by Admissions

Against Interest and by Motive...................................................1626

2.6 Citizen Informants: Victim/Witness Informants in General.........1627

2.6(a) Satisfying the "Basis of Knowledge" Prong....................1627

2.6(b) Satisfying the "Veracity" Prong by Partial

Corroboration of Informant's Tip and by

Self-Verifying Detail..................................................................1628

2.6(c) Sufficiency of Information Supplied................................1629

2.7Police as Informants......................................................................1629

2.7(a) Satisfying the "Veracity" and "Basis of Knowledge" Prongs.........................................................................................1629

2.7(b) Multiple Hearsay..............................................................1630

2. 8 Information from Anonymous or Unknown Informants: Satisfying the "Veracity" Prong..............................1630

2.9 Special Searches and Seizures Requiring Lesser or Greater Levels of Proof.......................................................................1631

2.9(a) Administrative Searches...................................................1631

2.9(b) Terry Stops and Frisks.....................................................1632

2.9(c) Intrusions into the Body...................................................1632

Chapter 3 Search Warrants.............................................................1635

3.0 Introduction...................................................................................1635

3.1 Types of Items That May Be Searched and Seized......................1636

3.2 Who May Issue Warrants: Requirement of Neutral and Detached Magistrate...........................................................................1636

3.2(a) Qualifications of a "Magistrate".......................................1637

3.2(b) Neutrality.........................................................................1637

3.2(c) Presentation of Evidence to a Second Magistrate............1638

3.2(d) Burden of Proof................................................................1639

3.3 Content of the Warrant..................................................................1639

3.3(a) Oath or Affirmation; Pseudonym Affiants.......................1639

3.3(b) Insufficient Information, Omissions, and Staleness.........1639

3.3(c) Oral Testimony.................................................................1641

3.3(d) Administrative Warrants..................................................1642

3.4 Particular Description of Place to Be Searched............................1643

3.4(a) General Considerations....................................................1643

3.4(b) Inadequacy and Severability............................................1644

3.4(c) Particular Searches and Exceptions..................................1645

3.4(d) Particular Searches: Persons............................................1646

3.5 Particular Description of Things to Be Seized..............................1646

3.5(a) General Rules...................................................................1648

3.5(b) Severability......................................................................1649

3.6" Knock and Announce" Requirement..........................................1650

3.6(a) Types of Entry Requiring Notice.....................................1650

3.6(b) Entry Obtained by Deception...........................................1651

3.6(c) Identification and Waiting Period....................................1652

3.6(d) Exceptions: Useless Gesture and Exigent Circumstances...............................................................1653

3.7 Search and Detention of Persons on Premises Being Searched.... 1655

3.7(a) Detention of Persons on Premises Being Searched..........1655

3.7(b) Search of Persons on Premises Being Searched..............1655

3.8 Permissible Scope and Intensity of Search...................................1657

3.8(a) Area..................................................................................1658

3.8(b) Personal Effects................................................................1659

3.8(c) Vehicles............................................................................1659

3.9 Seizure of Unnamed Items: Requirements in General..................1660

3.10 Delivering Warrant and Inventory: Requirements for Execution of Warrants........................................................................1660

3.11 Challenging the Content of an Affidavit.....................................1661

3.11(a) Informant's Identity .......................................................1661

3.11(b) Misrepresentations and Omissions in Affidavit.............1662

3.12 Special Situations........................................................................1663

3.12(a) First Amendment Materials............................................1663

3.12(b) Intrusions into the Body.................................................1664

3.12(c) Warrants Directed at Nonsuspects.................................1666

Chapter 4 Seizure of the Person: Arrests and Stop-and-Frisks ... 1669

4.0 Seizure: An...