Financial statement fraud, integrity of financial information continue to be front-burner issues.

• Position: American Institute of Certified Public Accountants webcast series

Last year's financial failures highlighted some of the more egregious examples of corporate fraud. But they also brought to mind another concern: aggressive accounting. The entrepreneurial spirit of many fast-growing companies of the 1990s led some of them to use aggressive accounting, but in some cases, these methods clearly crossed the line. The result has been damaging, not just to the companies themselves but to the accounting profession, investors and the American economy.

In its continuing efforts to combat fraud, the AICPA is sponsoring a series of Webcasts to explore the difference between aggressive accounting and financial fraud (see "Fraud Webcast Series"). One issue to be discussed is improper revenue recognition, which accounts for roughly half of all financial statement fraud. Following are several of the more significant revenue recognition issues, some of which were discussed by Securities and Exchange Commission staff at the AICPA's recent SEC Conference.

* Recognizing revenue prematurely. Revenue generally should be recognized when title and risk of ownership have passed. Common fraud techniques include certain "channel stuffing" (for example, shipping inventory in excess of orders, or providing special incentives to customers to purchase more inventory than is now needed, in exchange for future discounts and other benefits), reporting revenue after goods are ordered but before they are shipped, improper year-end cutoff procedures, reporting revenue when significant services are still to be performed or goods delivered, and improper use of the percentage-of-completion method.

* Recognizing revenue that may not be earned. Common fraud techniques include reporting sales for bill and hold transactions, consignment sales and sales subject to other contingencies, sales with guarantees against losses and right of return, sales coupled with future purchase discounts or credits, and other side agreements that affect the substance of the transaction.

* Reporting sales to fictitious or nonexistent customers. This may include falsified shipping and inventory records.

* Sales to related parties in excess of market value.

* In exchanges of non-monetary assets, reporting revenue in connection with exchanges of certain similar non-monetary assets, such as indefeasible right to use (IRU) capacity swaps consisting of exchanges of leases...