SIC 1455 Kaolin and Ball Clay
SIC 1455
This category covers establishments primarily engaged in mining, milling, or otherwise preparing kaolin or ball clay, including china clay, paper clay, and slip clay. Establishments primarily engaged in grinding, pulverizing, or otherwise treating clay, ceramic, and refractory minerals not in conjunction with mining or quarrying operations are classified in SIC 3295: Minerals and Earths, Ground or Otherwise Treated.
212324
Kaolin and Ball Clay Mining
In the early 2000s, a total of 28 U.S. firms operating 124 mines produced 9.13 million metric tons of kaolin and ball clay. Of the total U.S. production of clay and shale in 2003, which reached 39.3 million metric tons with a value of $1.6 billion, kaolin accounted for about 20 percent. Ten states, led by Georgia, produced kaolin in the early 2000s. Kaolin's primary uses are for paper coating and filling (54 percent), refractories (17 percent), and other uses (29 percent).
The ball clay segment of the industry was rather small and consisted of four companies in four states in 2002. Tennessee was the leading supplier of ball clay, producing 59 percent of total U.S. output. Following Tennessee were Texas, Kentucky, and Mississippi. U.S. production of ball clay in 2002 reached 1.12 million metric tons with an approximate value of $47 million. The major ball clay markets in the United States were floor and wall tile (41 percent), sanitary ware (25 percent), and other uses (34 percent).
Clays are classified according to their relative plasticity or malleability, their strength when moist (green strength), their strength after drying (dry strength), their air shrinkage properties, and their vitrification range. Vitrification refers to the process by which clay molecules begin to fuse when exposed to heat. A clay's vitrification range therefore describes the temperature levels between which the clay begins to fuse and when it achieves its final fusion or hardness.
Clays are often mixed or blended to achieve the desired properties dictated by their end use. Thus, whiteware ceramic consists of kaolin, ball clay, feldspar, and ground silica. Kaolin, or china clay, derived its name from the hill where it was first extracted in Kao-Ling, China. Historically, more than half the annual U.S. production of kaolin was used as filler and coating material in high-quality paper. Along with wood pulp, kaolin traditionally constituted a large percentage of the paper's...
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- SIC 1011 Iron Ores
- SIC 1021 Copper Ores
- SIC 1031 Lead and Zinc Ores
- SIC 1041 Gold Ores
- SIC 1044 Silver Ores
- SIC 1061 Ferroalloy Ores, Except Vanadium
- SIC 1081 Metal Mining Services
- SIC 1094 Uranium-Radium-Vanadium Ores
- SIC 1099 Miscellaneous Metal Ores, Not Elsewhere Classified
- SIC 1221 Bituminous Coal and Lignite Surface Mining
- SIC 1222 Bituminous Coal Underground Mining
- SIC 1231 Anthracite Mining
- SIC 1241 Coal Mining Services
- SIC 1311 Crude Petroleum and Natural Gas
- SIC 1321 Natural Gas Liquids
- SIC 1381 Drilling Oil and Gas Wells
- SIC 1382 Oil and Gas Field Exploration Services
- SIC 1389 Oil and Gas Field Services, Not Elsewhere Classified
- SIC 1411 Dimension Stone
- SIC 1422 Crushed and Broken Limestone
- SIC 1423 Crushed and Broken Granite
- SIC 1429 Crushed and Broken Stone, Not Elsewhere Classified
- SIC 1442 Construction Sand and Gravel
- SIC 1446 Industrial Sand
- SIC 1455 Kaolin and Ball Clay
- SIC 1459 Clay, Ceramic, and Refractory Minerals, Not Elsewhere Classified
- SIC 1474 Potash, Soda, and Borate Minerals
- SIC 1475 Phosphate Rock
- SIC 1479 Chemical and Fertilizer Mineral Mining, Not Elsewhere Classified
- SIC 1481 Nonmetallic Minerals Services, Except Fuels
- SIC 1499 Miscellaneous Nonmetallic Minerals, Except Fuels
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