Education-related medical expenses for special-needs individuals.

• Author: Goldsberry, Edward N.

Previous Tax Clinic items have addressed the deductibility and potentially tax-favored funding mechanisms of tuition and fees as medical expenses for special-needs children (see Goldsberry, Tenney and Luke, "Deductibility of Tuition and Related Fees as Medical Expenses," TTA, November 2002, pp. 701-702; and Goldsberry, Luke, Pistorius and Tenney, "Funding Mechanisms for Medical Expenses," TTA, November 2003, pp. 664-666). These items addressed some of the issues faced by families with significant medical needs and expenses, particularly parents of special-needs children. Since the publication of these items, taxpayers have asked several specific questions as to the timing of the deductions and the deductibility of incremental expenses and specific activities.

This item addresses three specific areas:

1. Advance payment of tuition and fees;

2. Additional tuition and fee billings by nonspecial schools for additional "special school" types of service; and

3. Extracurricular activities (e.g., tutoring, music and dance lessons, and summer camps).

Advance Payments of Tuition and Fees

This issue is common in the case of tuition and fees for special schools. With the increase in schools designed to meet the needs of children with learning and other medically identified disabilities, fewer schools are residential in nature, and more follow the traditional academic year. Because the typical academic school year spans two calendar years, it is common for special schools to require contracts that include both the fall and spring semesters. Families may be required to pay for the entire year in advance or, more commonly, have options to pay on various terms (such as annually, or by semester or month).

Typically, prepaid medical expenses are not deductible in the year of payment; generally, they cannot be deducted until services have been rendered. The basis for this apparent exception to the general rules for cash-basis taxpayers is, in part, concern that the intended annual limit on medical expense deductions (i.e., based on adjusted gross income) could thereby be avoided; see Bassett, 26 TC 619 (1956).

Rulings: There are limited exceptions to this general rule. For example, taxpayers who make an advance payment under a contractual obligation may be eligible to deduct the entire expense in the year paid, even though some of the services are to be rendered in the following year. Rev. Ruls. 75302 and 75-303 may provide limited guidance in this regard...