Race Discrimination

• Author: Mark A. Shank/John P. Hagan
• Pages: 87-104

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22-1

CHAPTER 22

RACE DISCRIMINATION

BY MARK A. SHANK AND JOHN P. HAGAN

22:1. SCOPE OF CHAPTER

22:2. TEXAS PROHIBITIONS AGAINST RACE DISCRIMINATION

A. Equal Rights Clause of the Texas Constitution

1. Government Action Required

2. Strict Scrutiny Review

B. Chapter 21 of the Texas Labor Code

1. Purpose and Scope

2. Enforcement

22:3. PROVING RACE-BASED DISCRIMINATION UNDER CHAPTER 21

A. Disparate Treatment Discrimination

1. Shifting Burdens of Proof

2. Available Defenses

a. Federal Preemption

b. Employer or Employee Not Covered by Chapter 21

c. Nondiscriminatory Motive

d. Affirmative Action Program

e. Bona Fide Seniority or Merit System

3. BFOQ Defense Not Available

B. Adverse Impact Discrimination

1. Plaintiff’s Prima Facie Case

2. Business Necessity Defense

3. Overcoming Business Necessity Defense

C. Retaliation

D. Remedies

22:4. RELATED FEDERAL CAUSES OF ACTION

A. Reconstruction Statutes

B. Executive Order 11246

22:5. LOCAL ORDINANCES PROHIBITING RACE DISCRIMINATION

A. Local Powers and Duties

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B. Scope of Local Prohibitions

1. Fort Worth City Code

2. Dallas, Houston and San Antonio City Codes

3. Austin City Code

4. Corpus Christi City Code

22:6. AFFIRMATIVE ACTION AND REVERSE DISCRIMINATION

A. Executive and Legislative History

B. Framing the Debate: United Steelworkers of America v. Weber

1. Arguments in Favor of Affirmative Action

2. Arguments in Opposition to Affirmative Action

C. Judicial Response to Affirmative Action

1. Standard of Review

2. Expanding Affirmative Action

3. Restricting Affirmative Action

4. Contract Set-Asides