¿Qué pueden hacer las empresas para contribuir a la renovación de las ciudades?
Author | Hadjian, Avedis |
[ILUSTRACIÓN OMITIR]
La financiación es uno de los mayores desafíos para los proyectos de renovación urbana. Administrar ciudades es caro, y con frecuencia los fondos públicos son escasos. Las empresas desempeñan un papel, pero en América Latina enfrentan limitaciones políticas y económicas.
"La participación del sector privado es un componente importante de toda buena práctica de desarrollo urbano de un gobierno municipal", dice Ellis J. Juan, coordinador general de la Iniciativa de Ciudades Emergentes y Sostenibles del Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID). "Algunos sectores donde es más fácil detectar y monetizar fuentes de ingresos son más propensos a las estructuras de asociaciones público-privadas (APP)", dice, y menciona los sectores de telecomunicaciones y energía, que cuentan con flujos de dinero procedentes de los usuarios. El transporte urbano, el agua y el saneamiento, por su parte, "son más difíciles", dado que los pagos de los usuarios por lo general no cubren el 100 por ciento de los costos del servicio, por lo cual pueden necesitar subsidios.
Durante mucho tiempo se ha considerado que la ciudad brasileña de Curitiba es el mejor empleo de renovación urbana de América Latina. "Sigue siendo un referente por la continuidad de sus políticas de desarrollo urbano, que apuntan a la eficiencia y la sustentabilidad medioambiental", señala el arquitecto Eduardo Rojas, consultor de desarrollo urbano del Banco Mundial.
Rojas atribuye buena parte del éxito al Instituto de Análisis y Planeamiento Urbano de Curitiba. Destaca, sin embargo, problemas relacionados con el crecimiento de la ciudad, entre ellos el desplazamiento a la periferia de población de bajos ingresos y compañías contaminantes. Aparte, le impresiona el cambio operado por una ciudad colombiana que hasta hace unos años...
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