El próximo reto exportador al Asia.
Author | Ramírez, David |
[ILUSTRACIÓN OMITIR]
La caída en los precios de los bienes primarios y la desaceleración de China reviven la necesidad de que América Latina diversifique su base exportadora y socios comerciales en Asia. Corea del Sur ofrece una buena alternativa en virtud de su mercado potencial de más de 50 millones de habitantes, con un PIB per cápita superior a los US$33.000 (Paridad del Poder Adquisitivo).
A la fecha el potencial exportador latinoamericano a Corea del Sur permanece básicamente inexplotado. El mayor volumen de ventas sigue siendo ocupado por productos mineros y petróleo. Poco se ha aprovechado el déficit de productos agrícolas que convierte a este país asiático en uno de los diez importadores más grandes del mundo de ese tipo de bienes.
Diversos estudios han identificado potencial exportador para artículos como café, azúcar, frutas, hortalizas, carnes, pescados, mariscos y lácteos, así como para no comestibles, tales como flores, tabaco y algunas manufacturas básicas. No obstante, Corea del Sur protege altamente sus importaciones alimenticias vía aranceles elevados y estrictos requisitos de certificación y etiquetaje.
Algunos países han superado esos obstáculos mediante la negociación de tratados de libre comercio (TLC). En América Latina, sin embargo, solamente Chile, Perú y, más recientemente, Colombia tienen firmados TLC con Corea del Sur. El de Chile, que rige desde enero de 2004, aumentó a más del doble en nueve años las exportaciones al mercado surcoreano, hasta los US$4.200 millones en 2013.
Aunque la proporción del cobre en este total se mantiene alta (superior al 70 por ciento), parte de la diversificación de la oferta chilena se dio en el ámbito agro-industrial, incluyendo los cárnicos. Sin embargo, evidenciando la alta exigencia del restrictivo mercado surcoreano, el protocolo de acceso de carne bovina chilena sólo fue aprobado en 2014, tras más de ocho años de negociación. En el mundo, solamente...
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