Permits and state permit programs

• Author: Jeffrey G. Miller/Ann Powers/Nancy Long Elder/Karl S. Coplan
• Pages: 407-524

407

CHAPTER VII:

PERMITS AND STATE PERMIT PROGRAMS

A. THE PERMIT

Permits authorizing the discharge of pollutants to navigable waters by

point sources are issued under §402 of the Clean Water Act (CWA). ey

may be issued by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) or by

a state with a program approved by EPA as meeting the requirements of

§402(b). is permit system is called the national pollutant discharge elimi-

nation system (NPDES). us the permits are often referred to as NPDES

permits, or SPDES permits if issued by a state. In 1990, there were about

65,000 point sources permitted under the national system: 15,500 municipal

facilities and 49,500 industrial and commercial facilities. EPA classies about

7,000 of these permits as “major,” 3,700 municipal, and 3,600 industrial and

commercial. “Major” dischargers are responsible for 90% of the pollutants

discharged by all permittees. U.S. EPA, A P   O  W

E  P(1990). Requirements for the contents and pro-

cedures for the issuance of NPDES permits are found at 40 C.F.R. parts 122

through 125. ey apply to permits issued by EPA and most of them apply

to permits issued by states with approved NPDES programs, through similar

requirements contained in state regulations. ree most important sections

of an NPDES permit are the specication of euent limitations, the compli-

ance schedule and the monitoring and reporting requirements.

A permit for Crane and Company Inc.’s specialty paper manufacturing

plant in Dalton, Massachusetts, is reprinted at the end of this chapter. Review

it to become familiar with the format and contents of permits. Refer to the

relevant parts of it as each component of a permit is discussed in this book.

1. EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS

Each permit has a set of euent limitations uniquely developed for the

applicant. ese limit the amount and/or the concentration of a particular

pollutant that may be discharged. See 40 C.F.R. §§122.44, 122.45. Permits

for publicly owned treatment works (POTWs) typically establish limits for

biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), suspended solids (SS), a measure of

hydrogen ion concentration (pH), fecal coliform, chlorine (sometimes both

408 Water Pollution Control, 2d Edition

a minimum and a maximum: a minimum to ensure enough chlorine is

being used to control pathogens and a maximum to protect the biota of the

receiving water from too much residual chlorine) and perhaps phosphorus

and nitrogen as ammonia. Permits for industrial dischargers will often limit

BOD, suspended solids, pH, as well as a number of heavy metals and organic

or inorganic chemicals typical of the discharge.

Most euent limitations, especially those based on euent limitations

guidelines, are stated as mass limitations (e.g., pounds or kilograms per day),

rather than as concentration limitations (e.g., parts per million (ppm) or

micrograms per liter). See 40 C.F.R. § 122.45(f). In theory, concentration

limitations can be met merely by dilution, but the CWA is premised on treat-

ment, not dilution. Sometimes limitations are established for both mass and

concentration. Limitations that reect water quality standards may be stated

as concentrations only, because most water quality criteria being met in the

receiving waters are concentration standards. Some limitations, of course,

must be stated in other terms, e.g., pH or temperature. Limitations may be

written as instantaneous maximums (never permitted to be exceeded) or they

may be average values for a day, a week, or a month. A given limitation, e.g.,

30 ppm of pollutant X, is a much more stringent limitation as an instanta-

neous maximum than as a monthly average. Do you see why? e relative

ease or diculty in meeting the limitations is also aected by the frequency

of the monitoring requirements established to measure compliance. Do you

see why?

Euent limitations in permits are derived primarily from technology-

based euent limitations guidelines promulgated by EPA and water quality

standards adopted by states and approved by EPA. A permit will incorporate

only one limitation for each pollutant, reecting the more stringent of the

euent limitations guideline or the water quality standard. Occasionally,

euent limitations are derived from other requirements, as explained below.

Because tens of thousands of substances occur in wastewater discharged

by permitted point sources, the number of pollutants that could be limited

is also in the tens of thousands. e number of pollutants for which limita-

tions are established in a permit is largely left to the discretion of the permit

writer. It is usually a small number, 10 to 12. As a practical matter that is

usually sucient. Permit applicants are required to report on a much larger

number of pollutants in their discharges, enabling the permit writer to deter-

mine which are important enough to regulate. In addition, most common

industrial wastes have been studied well enough to know their composi-

Permits and State Permit Programs 409

tion, enabling the permit writer to independently assess the reliability of the

applicant’s information. Moreover, many of the pollutants limited in permits

are generic surrogates for a large number of specic pollutants, e.g., BOD,

chemical oxygen demand (COD), and SS. Finally, eective treatment of one

pollutant that is limited in a permit may necessarily result in eective treat-

ment of many other pollutants that are not mentioned. Neutralizing a metal

plating acid to meet a pH requirement, for instance, has the consequence of

precipitating out a dozen heavy metals.

Specically limiting thousands of pollutants in a permit is impractical. At

the very least, it would create a cumbersome permit and oer thousands of

conditions to attack during judicial review. In any event, limiting pollutants

has little eect unless monitoring is required to ensure the limitations are

met. Analyzing for thousands of pollutants at a permitted discharge, how-

ever, could cost more than providing the treatment required, diverting funds

from pollution abatement for little gain. Having a larger number of pollut-

ants for which no euent limitations are established in a permit, however,

raises the question of whether the unmentioned pollutants are unregulated.

is question will be discussed when the eect of a permit is examined.

a. Technology-Based Euent Limitations

To determine an euent limitation based on technology-based standards,

the permit writer usually need look no further than the euent limitations

guidelines (or, in the case of POTWs, the secondary treatment standards)

published in the Code of Federal Regulations. Of course, the guidelines for

the right category of industry, e.g., pulp and paper, and for the right subcat-

egory, e.g., paperboard, must be found. en it is a relatively simple matter of

translating the guideline into an euent limitation. If the guideline for best

available technology (BAT) for a particular industry is 5 pounds of X pol-

lutant per ton of production and the permit applicant’s production capacity

is 10 tons a day, the euent limitation would be 5 pounds of X times 10, or

50 pounds a day of X. Or would it? Does it matter whether the plant actu-

ally produces 10 tons a day of product? What if it averages 6 and has never

exceeded 8 tons a day? See 40 C.F.R. § 122.45(b)(2)(i). Of course indus-

trial plants often have more than one operation and therefore more than one

waste stream. A dierent subcategory of the euent limitations guideline

may apply to each waste stream. In this case, an euent limitation is devel-

oped for each waste stream and, assuming the waste streams are combined

for central treatment, the euent limitations are aggregated and apply to the

combined discharge from the central treatment facility. For further guidance