In the line of fire: officially, American women do not serve in combat roles, but in Iraq, they're on the front lines as never before.

• Author: Macur, Juliet
• Position: Cover Story

For her first raid of an Iraqi home, Private Safiya Boothe, 21, had no idea what to expect. Tucking herself behind a group of men from her Army unit, her soft features hidden by full battle gear, she tried to be as anonymous as possible. Inside, she saw a group of Iraqi women cowering in a corner. While her male colleagues searched for weapons and questioned the men, her job as a female soldier was to put the women at ease and, if necessary, search them.

She pointed to the ponytail poking from beneath her helmet and immediately, she recalled, the women's apprehension seemed to fall away. Soon they had invited her to join them for tea.

"In their culture, dealing with male strangers is out of the question, but dealing with another woman, they drop their guard," says Boothe. "Bottom line, that's why I'm here in Iraq, stuck in this scary situation."

The role of women in the military has evolved, from serving as nurses in the Civil War to serving in support units in the Persian Gulf war, but never before have they been on the front lines the way they are now in Iraq. Pentagon policy prohibits women from being used in combat roles, but the application of that rule is impractical in Iraq: Hot spots are wherever an insurgent sets off a roadside bomb or shoots mortar rounds at a military base.

'DOING HEAVY LIFTING'

Women make up 15 percent of the 160,000 American troops in Iraq, and they are being wounded and killed in greater numbers than ever before. Of the 2,149 members of the military who have died in Iraq as of December, 45 have been women.

"Before this war, people only imagined how women would react in combat roles and thought that they couldn't handle it," says Lory Manning, a retired Navy captain who is now the director of the Women in the Military project. "But for the first time, women are shooting back and doing heavy lifting in a real war. The bullets are real, so are the roadside bombs and the blood. Now we see that women are bonding with the men and not going to pieces."

On a typical 120-degree day in August, Boothe sat alone and bored in her cavernous, concrete-walled room at Camp Normandy, about 60 miles northeast of Baghdad. For seven months, this had been her home; she is one of eight women among 700 soldiers at the base.

Boothe joined the Army straight out of high school for the adventure. By trade, she is a machinist who makes and repairs hoses. Now she is attached to the First Battalion, 30th Infantry Regiment of the Third...