Introduction: Symposium on Polycentric Systems in a Free Society.

• Author: Coyne, Christopher J.

A polycentric system is one where there are numerous decision-making units, each with autonomy in action, operating within a shared set of rules. A polycentric order stands in contrast to a monocentric order, where there is a single centralized decision-making unit. A monocentric order relies on centralized mechanisms of cooperation and conflict resolution to function. A polycentric system does not because it includes noncentral mechanisms for coordinating and for resolving differences.

Comprehensive economic planning would be an example of a monocentric order where economic decision making is carried out by a single unit with monopoly control over the allocation of resources. Markets, in contrast, are examples of polycentric orders. Numerous decision makers--individuals acting as buyers and sellers--have the freedom to pursue their own goals within an overarching set of rules--the formal and informal rules governing market interactions. Moreover, markets operate by relying on noncentral mechanisms of coordination, cooperation, and conflict resolution.

The concept of polycentricity was introduced by Michael Polanyi (1951), who argued that success in science required a certain organizational structure that allowed for the contestation of ideas through open inquiry and experimentation. (1) Within this polycentric system, individual scientists or teams of scientists are free to pursue ideas and research as they see fit within a shared set of rules. These rules include norms about respect for previous discoveries and a deep respect and reciprocity between scientists regarding the autonomy of others. They also entail the understanding that the merit of a new scientific conjecture is judged not on the personalities or characteristics of those who formulate it but rather on whether it can be publicly reproduced by other scientists. Finally, according to Polanyi, effective scientific inquiry requires a shared common goal among scientists--the pursuit of truth. These overarching rules are intended to encourage contestation and mutual learning while preventing efforts to silence certain people or groups of people by limiting their ability to participate in the scientific process. Beyond scientific inquiry, Polanyi's notion of polycentricity has been applied to competitive market economies, competitive public economies, law and disputeresolution arrangements, systems of governance, and international relations (see Ostrom 2014, 49-58; Tarko 2017, 58-64).

When Elinor Ostrom was awarded the Nobel Prize in economics in 2009, the idea of polycentricity received renewed attention. The distinction between monocentric and polycentric...