INDEX

• Jurisdiction: United States

Index A

Absolute immunity, 138-139, 141, 235

Absolute judgment, 49, 50, 235

Abusive head trauma, 175

Acquittal, 8

Actual perpetrators

Baumgartner study on, 218

BGA/CWC data on, 216-217

case study, 213-215

Innocence Project data on, 216

most active, 218

A Murder in the Park, 219

Ad-hoc appointment, private attorneys, 147

Admissibility

Daubert, expert testimony, 91-93

eyewitness testimony and, 31

Frye test, expert testimony, 90-93

After Innocence (Sanders), 201

Age, witness reliability and, 26-27

Ake v. Oklahoma, 159-160

Alejandro, Gilbert, 86

Alford plea, 64, 70-72, 77, 121, 235

American Bar Association (ABA), 73, 114, 140, 147, 161, 203

American Society of Criminology, 161-162, 230

Anti-Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996, 190

Apology, post exoneration, 206

Appeals process

courts and, 186-187

evidence preservation/production for, 192-193

executive clemency, 191

federal habeas corpus, 188-191

functions of, 187

guilty pleas and, 14

right to, 187

special tribunals/commissions, 192

state post-conviction review, 189

types of, 187-188

See also Review process

Appellate review, 15

Argersinger v. Hamlin, 152

Arizona v. Youngblood, 129-132

Arraignment process, 13

Arrest, process of, 12-13

Arson, no-crime case, 172-173, 235

Assigned-counsel systems, 147, 162-163, 235

Attorney. See Defense attorney; Prosecutors

Avery, Steven, 63

B

Bad faith, preservation of evidence and, 130-132

Battle of experts, 89

Baumgartner, F. R., 218

Bayne, Gregory, 30

Bedau, Hugo Adam, 11

Bench trial, 14, 18, 172, 235

Bentham, Jeremy, 222

Berg, Amy, 72

Berger v. United States, 132-135

Berlinger, Joe, 72

Better Government Association and the Center for Wrongful Convictions (BGA/CWC), 216-217, 219-220

Beyond the ken, 89-90

BGA/CWC. See Better Government Association and the Center for Wrongful Convictions (BGA/ CWC)

Bias

cognitive, 87-88, 236

complicit, 125

confirmation, 87-88, 124-126, 129, 140, 236

crime laboratories, law enforcement, 95

implicit, training, 140

inculpatory results, DNA and, 88

investigative, limit, 139-140

investigator response, false confessions and, 60

own-race, identification and, 27

race, stereotype threats and, 124-125

Bibas, S., 76

Bickel, Ofra, 63, 72

Bill of Rights, 65

Black Robes and Lawyers (music), 105

Blackstone, William, 222

Blackstone ratio, 222-223, 224, 235

Blind/double-blind procedure, 235

Blind procedures, lineups and, 47, 50

Blooding, The (Wambaugh), 88

Bloodsworth, Kirk, 197-199

Bloodsworth: An Innocent Man (film) (Bayne), 30

Bloodsworth: TheTrue Storyofthe First Death Row Inmate Exonerated by DNA Evidence (Junkin), 30

Bonventre, C. L., 232

Borchard, Edwin, 11, 18

Bordenkircher v. Hayes, 69

Boykin v. Alabama, 68

Brady material, 76, 125-126, 134, 135, 141

Brady obligations, 139

Brady v. Maryland, 70, 130-131, 134, 235

Brady v. United States, 68, 69

Brady violations, 135, 141, 154

Brathwaite factors, 50, 235

Brewer v. State, 214

Bridgeman v. District Attorney for the Suffolk District, 87

Briggs, Brandy, 174-175

Brinegar v. United States, 13, 129

Britt v. North Carolina, 159

Broken promise, 156

Brooks v. State, 214

Brown v. Mississippi, 65-66

Buckley v. Fitzimmons, 139

Bullcoming v. New Mexico, 94

Burke, Alafair, 125-126

Burns, Ken, 57

Burns, Sarah, 57

Burns v. Reed, 138

Butler, Sabrina, 174

C

California v. Trombetta, 130

Capital charges, 149, 163, 236

Capital murder, 6. See also Death penalty

Carroll v. United States, 129

Cases

Ake v. Oklahoma, 159-160

Argersinger v. Hamlin, 152

Berger v. United States, 132-135

Bordenkircher v. Hayes, 69

Boykin v. Alabama, 68

Brady v. Maryland, 70, 130-131, 134, 141, 235

Brady v. United States, 68, 69

Brewer v. State, 214

Bridgeman v. District Attorney for the Suffolk District, 87

Brinegar v. United States, 13, 129

Britt v. North Carolina, 159

Brooks v. State, 214

Brown v. Mississippi, 65-66

Buckley v. Fitzimmons, 139

Bullcomingv. New Mexico, 94

Burns v. Reed, 138

California v. Trombetta, 130

Carroll v. United States, 129

Cavazos v. Smith, 188

Chaffin v. Stynchombe, 68, 69

Commonwealth v. Johnson, 44

Commonwealth v. Selby, 67

Connick v. Thompson, 139, 207

Daubert v. Merrell Dow

Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 91, 97-98, 116-117, 237

Frazier v. Cupp, 67

Frye v. United States, 90-91, 97, 237

Gideon v. Wainwright, 151-152, 163, 237

Giglio v. United States, 112, 133

Gilbertv. California, 34-35, 50, 241

Gregoire v. Biddle, 138

Haynes v. Washington, 67

Heath v. United States, 90

Herrera v. Collins, 190, 191

Hilliard v. Spalding, 131

Hinton v. Alabama, 156-159

Hoffa v. United States, 110-111

House v. Bell, 190

Illinois v. Perkins, 111

Imbler v. Pachtman, 135

Jackson v. Virginia, 188

Johnson v. United States, 123

Kalina v. Fletcher, 138, 139

Kirby v. Illinois, 37, 50, 236

Kuhlmann v. Wilson, 111

Kyles v. Whitley, 134, 135

Lafler v. Cooper, 70

Lincoln v. State, 67

Lynumn v. Illinois, 67

Malloy v. Hogan, 66

Manson v. Brathwaite, 39-41, 44, 50, 51, 235

Manuel v. City ofJoliet, 129

Massiah v. United States, 111

McCoy v. United States, 71

McWilliams v. Dunn, 160

Melendez-Diaz v. Massachusetts, 94

Miller v. Pate, 133

Miranda v. Arizona, 65, 78, 239

Missouri v. Frye, 70

Murray v. Giarrantano, 154

Napue v. Illinois, 112, 113, 133

New York v. Quarles, 67

Nichols v. United States, 153

North Carolina v. Alford, 64, 70, 77

Old Chiefv. United States, 93

Oregon v. Mathiason, 67

People v. Bedessie, 90

People v. LeGrand, 42

People v. Lerma, 42

Perry v. New Hampshire, 42

Porter v. McCollum, 156

Powell v. Alabama, 4, 33, 37, 151, 152

In re Davis, 190

In re Winship, 132

Rompilla v. Beard, 156

Ross v. Moffitt, 154, 159

Scott v. Illinois, 152-153

Simmons v United States, 41

State v. Clopten, 42

State v. Guilbert, 42, 90

State v. Henderson, 42, 43

State v. Kaufman, 71

State v. Kelekolio, 67

State v. Lawson, 42

State v. Rosales, 90

State v. Wright, 90

Stovall v. Denno, 35-39, 50, 241

Strickland v. Washington, 154, 163, 241, 241

Tice v. Commonwealth, 188

Tremblay v. Overholster, 71

United States v. Ash, 44

United States v. Bagley, 135

United States v. Burke, 135

United States v. Dennis, 111

United States v. Henry, 111

United States v. Ruiz, 70

United States v. Singleton, 110, 119

United States v. Tribble, 84

United States v. Wade, 31-34, 44-46, 50, 241

Whittington v. State, 67

Wiggins v. Smith, 156

Williams v. Illinois, 94

Wilson v. Flaherty, 190

Caseload, attorney

defined, 163, 236

heavy, 70, 156

meet and plead dispositions and, 148

reducing, 221-222

reform/funding and, 161-162

Case studies

actual perpetrators, 213-215

bad lawyering, 145-146

eyewitness errors (Ronald Cotton), 23-25

false confessions/interrogations (Norfolk Four), 185-186

forensic evidence (Santae Tribble), 83-84

miscarriages ofjustice (Central Park Five), 55-57

police corruption (Derrick Hamilton), 121-122

post exoneration compensation (KirkBloodsworth), 197-199

wrongful conviction (Scottsboro Boys), 3-5

informants/snitches (William Dillon), 103-105

Cautionaryjuryinstructions, 117-118

Cavazos v. Smith, 188

CBS This Morning(Derrick Hamilton), 123

Central Park Five, 59

Central Park Five, The (film) (Burns, Burns & McMahon), 57

Central Park Five, The Untold Story Behind One of New York City's MostInfamousCrimes(Burns), 57

Central Park Five (case study), 55-57

Centurion Ministries (McCloskey), 12, 17, 191, 236

Chaffin v. Stynchombe, 68, 69

Change of venue, 174

Child sex abuse cases, no-crime, 178-180

Child witnesses, 27, 30

Civil liability immunity, prosecutor, 135-139

Civil litigation, wrongful conviction compensation, 202, 208, 236

Civil suits, post exoneration, 220

Clean-hands provision, 205-206

Clemency, 15-16

CNN Death Row Stories: Rough Justice in the Big Easy, 139

Coerced-compliant false confessions, 59n1

Coerced confession, appeals and, 188 Coercion

interrogation risk factors, 60-61

witness, police officers and, 104-105

Cognitive biases, 236

exculpatory evidence and, 125

forensic science and, 87-88, 97

Columbia DeLuna Project, 186

Commissions, innocence appeals and, 192

Common-law immunity, 136

Commonwealth v. Johnson, 44

Commonwealth v. Selby, 67

Commutation, sentence, 16

Compensation, wrongful conviction, 202-203, 208, 236

civil litigation, 202

private legislation, 202

statutory compensation, 202-203

Compensation statutes, 203-206

clean-hands provision, Florida, 205-206

statutes of limitations, 205

Compliant false confession, 59, 77, 236

Confession

deceit/trickery and, 67-68

defined, 77, 236

evidential strength of, 62-63

as false admission, 58. See also False admissions

involuntary, 65-66

Confession, The (Grisham), 63

Confessions, The (film) (Bickel), 63

Confidence, witness, 29

Confidence statements, eyewitness identification reforms and, 47-48

Confirmation bias, 87-88, 124-126, 129, 140, 236

Connick v. Thompson, 139, 207

Constitutional obligations, prosecutorial, 133-134

Contamination error, false confessions, 62

Contract system, defense lawyers and, 147, 163, 236

"Convicted Defendants Left Uninformed of Forensic Flaws Found by Justice Department" (Hsu), 84

Convicting the Innocent (Borchard), 11, 18

Conviction Integrity Unit (CIU), 228, 233, 236

Conviction rate

adequate defense and, 150

prosecutors and, 76

Cook, K. J., 206

Corporeal identification procedures, 31-36

Corroboration

defined, 118, 236

requirements, informants, 112, 117

Cotton, Ronald, 23-25, 30

Cotton Case (case study), 23-25

Court-appointed counsel, 151-152, 151-154

Court cases. See Case law

Courts of final jurisdiction, 187, 193, 236

Covey, R., 127, 230

Crime laboratories

law enforcement biases and, 95

reforms needed, 95-97

separating from law enforcement, 222

Criminal Cases Review Commission, The: Hope for the Innocent (Naughton), 191

Criminal informants, 105-106

Criminology of wrongful convictions, 231-232

Critical stage, criminal process, 38-39, 50, 236

Cross-examination

expert testimony, 93-94

incentivized informant testimony, 109

right to confront witnesses, 33

Cross-racial identification, 27, 50, 236

Custodial interviews and interrogations, 73-74, 237

D

Dassey, Brendan, 63

Data collection, informants, 114

Daubert test, 91-93, 97, 237

Daubert v. Merrell Dow

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