La hora de los empresarios.
Author | Gutiérrez, Santiago |
UNA MALA NOTICIA. Cerca de la mitad de las 500 empresas más grandes de América Latina redujeron sus ingresos en 2013. En total, sus ventas bajaron 4,5 por ciento frente a 2012. El verdadero culpable parece ser la falta de productividad.
Naturalmente la depreciación de las monedas deterioró los resultados en dólares en algunos países. En Argentina, el peso perdió 24,5 por ciento frente al dólar en el año. En Brasil 12,8 por ciento, en Perú 8,6 por ciento, en Chile 8,4 por ciento y en Colombia 7,9 por ciento.
También es claro que los sectores que generan la mayoría de los ingresos de las Latin 500 tuvieron un año flojo. El 81 por ciento de las ventas de estas empresas las hacen 279 firmas de cinco sectores: energía (incluye petróleo y gas), minas, alimentos, comercio y tecnología. Este último rubro está compuesto fundamentalmente por compañías de telecomunicaciones.
Pero hay que notar que la caída de los ingresos en las empresas de energía (-6,2 por ciento en promedio) y en las mineras (4,1 por ciento), obedeció fundamentalmente a la razón de siempre: la reducción en los precios internacionales de los commodities. Los otros tres sectores, que responden'más a la demanda local, no compensaron esas bajas. Las firmas de alimentos aumentaron sus ingresos en 3,1 por ciento en promedio, el comercio apenas un 1,1 por ciento y el sector de tecnología los redujo en 2,6 por ciento.
Este es un resultado decepcionante que muestra cómo la región todavía depende demasiado de los ciclos en los precios de las monedas y los bienes primarios. Pero hay formas de desatar ese vínculo perverso. Una es conseguir que los productores sean más eficientes. Quizás sea una tarea difícil en las mineras más grandes de América Latina porque tienen...
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