Gustave Courbet: France's fearless provocateur: the radical and rebellious 19th-century painter "rejected artistic convention, challenged academic norms, and created artworks that scandalized the public.".

• Position: Museums Today

A PIONEERING FIGURE in the history of modernism and one of the major artists of mid 19th-century France, Gustave Courbet (1819-77) constantly was at odds with authority. He rejected artistic convention, challenged academic norms, and created artworks that scandalized the public. By rebelling against tradition, he paved the way for the Impressionists and, through them, modern art.

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"Courbet was one of the first painters to cultivate the image of the rebellious artist," notes Gary Tinterow, head curator of the Department of Nineteenth-Century, Modem, and Contemporary Art at The Metropolitan Museum of Art. "Never one to avoid controversy, he disregarded the expectations of his family, challenged the conservatism of the Academy ]where he trained], and bristled against the strictures of society. Even his politics were radical and, for most of his career, this notoriety served him well, attracting clients and influencing other artists of his generation."

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Courbet was born into an affluent landowning family in the village of Omans, near the Swiss border. He attended the Royal College in the nearby town of Besancon and, in 1840, was sent to Paris to study law. Defying his father, he pursued an artistic career instead, and learned by copying masterpieces in the Louvre.

In the 1840s and early 1850s, Courbet's paintings were accepted into the official Salon--the annual juried exhibition administered by the French government and the Academy of Fine Arts. However, as he matured as an artist, he spurned the historical subjects prized by the Academy and painted scenes of modern life rendered in an emphatically realistic style, shocking his contemporaries. In 1855, disgruntled at his rejection by the Salon jury, Courbet constructed a Pavilion of Realism within sight of the official Salon in which he displayed a one-man show of his works, accompanied by a manifesto that proclaimed his artistic philosophy. The decade that followed witnessed his triumph as the leader of the realist school.

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Courbet joined the Paris Commune of 1871 and--following the collapse of the revolutionary government--was accused of complicity in the destruction of the Vendome column, ordered to pay a huge line for its reconstruction, and imprisoned. In 1873, he fled to Switzerland, where he spent his remaining few years in exile.

More than 130 oil paintings and works on paper by the provocative artist, brought together...