GAS NATURAL LICUADO: LA EXPERIENCIA CHILENA

JurisdictionDerecho Internacional
International Mining and Oil & Gas Law, Development and Investment
(Apr 2009)

CHAPTER 19A
GAS NATURAL LICUADO: LA EXPERIENCIA CHILENA

Alvaro Araya I.
Morales & Besa Ltda
Santiago

Alvaro Araya is a counsel with a master's degree in finance and a strong background in corporate, financial, business and commercial matters, and extensive experience in oil & gas industries as well as in project finance. His experience includes financings, mergers and acquisitions, securities offerings and other general corporate matters. He served as general counsel of the Chilean State owned oil company Empresa Nacional del Petróleo (ENAP) and, acting in that position, he had extensive experience in management and corporate issues (1995-2006). Experience includes as well one year as foreign associate at Chadbourne & Parke LLP, New York (2006-2007). Currently, he is counsel at Morales & Besa, Santiago, Chile, leading the oil & gas practice. He was educated at the University of Chile Law School and at the University of Chile Economy School, where he obtained the LLB (1991) and a Master in Finance (1998), respectively. He has been involved and effectively negotiated legal and commercial aspects of innovative major projects financings, including Petropower (US$ 270 millions in cogeneration and coker facility, Deal of the Year 1996, Latin Finance), the feasibility phase of Quintero LNG (a US$ 1 billion liquefied natural gas project), Petroquim (US$ 160 millions in a polypropylene facility), and Coker Aconcagua (US$ 430 millions). He has been published on oil & gas and finance topics: (i) Chapter related to Chile's energy and natural resources in International Lawyer Year-In-Review (The International Lawyer Summer 2008 Volume 42 Number 2), American Bar Association (ABA) Section of International Law and (ii) Revista Estudios de Administración, Vol. 9 Nº 1, Economy and Management School, University of Chile: "Covenants in Bond Contracting: a Contractual Solution to Agency Problems between Shareholders and Bondholders". He also has been Professor of "Project Financing" at Finisterrae University School of Law (2004 - 2005). Mr. Araya is a member of the Chilean Bar Association and the Association of International Petroleum Negotiators (AIPN).

INDICE

o Gas Natural Licuado: Visión General

o Gas Natural

o ¿Por Qué Nace la Industria del Gas Natural Licuado?

o Datos Básicos de la Industria del GNL

o Cadena de Valor del GNL

o Desarrollo de la Industria del GNL

o Aspectos Comerciales

o Financiamiento de Proyectos de GNL

o Financiamiento versus Capital Propio

o Factores que Afectan al Financiamiento

o Riesgos Típicos Proyectos de GNL y su Mitigación

o Proyecto GNL Quintero

o Antecedentes y Entorno

o Etapas

o Características Técnicas

o Características y Desafíos Especiales

o Estructura Comercial

[Page 19A-2]

Gas Natural Licuado: Visión General

Gas Natural

o Ventajas respecto de combustibles alternativos

• Combustión limpia, fácil de transportar, variedad de usos

o Relevancia

• 25% en la matriz energética mundial

o Crecimiento del Consumo

• 40% crecimiento estimado para el añno 2025

o Reservas

• 5,500 TCF (trillion cubic feet) o 60 veces lo consumido en el 2003

o Aspectos Geopolíticos

• 50% de las reservas mundiales se encuentra en Rusia, Irán y Qatar

¿Por Qué Nace la Industria del GNL?

o Características Físicas del GNL

• Gas Natural enfriado a -162.2°C (-260°F)

Líquido

Volumen reducido en 600 veces

Presión atmosférica

o Apto para el almacenamiento y el transporte

[Page 19A-3]

o Permite el transporte de GN a centros de consumo más distantes

o Punto de Quiebre entre Gasoducto y GNL (Economic Crossover):

• Alrededor de 2,000 kilometros offshore y 3,800 kilometros onshore

Datos Básicos de la Industria del GNL

o Relevancia

7% de Participación en la demanda mundial de Gas Natural

o Consumo

• Crecimiento de 7.4% anual entre 1995 y 2005 (fuente: EIA)

Crecimiento Estimado de 6,7% anual entre 2005 y 2020 (fuente: EIA)

o Plantas de Licuefacción

• 26 en el mundo (en 15 países) - 65 en análisis o en construcción (fuente: CEC)

o Plantas de Regasificacion

• 60 en el mundo (en 18 países) - 181 en análisis o en construcción (fuente: CEC)

[Page 19A-4]

Cadena de Valor del GNL

Cadena de Valor GNL

[Page 19A-5]

o Extraccíon Gas Natural

o Reservas abundantes pero lejanas centros de consumo

o Licuefacción

• Actualmente hay 26 terminales de licuefacción en el mundo (en 15 países)

• Algeria, Indonesia, Malasia, Qatar y Trinidad son los líderes

• Países sin grado de inversión: limitado rol del mercado de capitales

• Australia, Iran, Nigeria...

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