Fake Research for Fake News.

• Author: Kochhar, Sarab
• Position: WORDS IMAGES - Research validity

WITH THE INTRODUCTION of new terms such as "fake news" and "alternative facts," another area that deserves attention is "fake research" Based on bad science and/or poor methodology, Fake research can be rooted out--if you ask the right questions.

Is it generalizable? Generalization involves drawing broad inferences from particular observations. For example, survey research using a random sample allows researchers to generalize the results to the population. Generalization depends on certain factors, such as sample size and response rate. Examining the methodology is a good first step in deciding if the results can be generalized.

There is no denying the importance of research, as it is conducted to make important decisions every day, both in our professional and personal lives. Sometimes we may be too trusting of research results, especially if we see catchy headlines or results shared by a friend or family member on social media. Differentiating between "good" and "bad" research is critical, but how can we differentiate good from bad, or fake from real? Critical determinations of research quality are important to ensure the science behind it is rigorous and meaningful.

Is it unbiased? When examining research, look at how data is collected to see if it is free from potential influence. For instance, if a survey was conducted, ensure the wording of the questions did not encourage a desired response through leading and/or loaded questions. Determine how the survey was distributed; a confidential or anonymous survey typically provides the most unbiased response. Also, review who conducted the research, and whether the conclusions are consistent with other data and research.

Is it transparent? Good research is transparent about its methodology, data collection, and sponsorship or funding source. The methodology section always should answer who, what, when, where, why, and how. Additionally, researchers should be open and honest about the limitations or flaws in the research. This transparency can aid in future research. If any of these transparency components are missing, it is a red flag.

Is it as objective as possible? Research should be objective as much as possible from personal interest or emotional preferences. Understandably, researchers may become emotionally attached to research and desire a certain outcome, but it is important to remain objective or recognize subjectivity. To maximize research objectivity...