?ESTAN LAS EMPRESAS LATINOAMERICANAS DEMASIADO ENFOCADAS EN LOS MERCADOS LOCALES? Si ese fuera el caso, no seria un buen augurio para la futura competitividad de la region.
Author | Casanova, Lourdes |
El ano pasado, mis amigos de ICEX, el organismo de promocion de inversiones extranjeras en Espana, me invitaron a escribir un capitulo para su serie Global LATAM sobre la internacionalizacion de las empresas latinoamericanas. Fue un ejercicio interesante y confirmo algunas de mis preocupaciones: primero, que las empresas latinoamericanas redujeron sus inversiones en el exterior y, segundo, que estas inversiones se concentraron en un punado de grandes companias.
Si America Latina no logra alentar a sus empresas a invertir en el exterior, la continuidad de un enfoque local no presagia nada bueno para la competitividad futura de la region. A continuacion figuran algunas de las conclusiones del informe.
Si bien Latinoamerica antes lideraba las inversiones procedentes de mercados emergentes, desde 2010 hubo una caida de los flujos de inversion, que fueron superados por los de China. La mayoria de las grandes economias de la region (Mexico, Brasil, Chile y Colombia) tambien son las principales inversoras en el exterior. Brasil representa el 31% del volumen de inversion acumulada de estos cuatro paises, seguido de Mexico (27%), Chile (20%) y Colombia (9%).
Mi equipo de investigacion utilizo la base de datos fDI Markets, que hace un seguimiento de proyectos greenfield o de inversion nueva (es decir, empresas que abren una nueva fabrica o inician un nuevo proyecto) y no toma en cuenta las fusiones y adquisiciones. Se observa que solo las grandes organizaciones, con acceso a grandes sumas de capital, invierten a nivel internacional.
Nuestro analisis de datos muestra que las grandes empresas de la region, como Vale en Brasil o America Movil en Mexico, concentran buena parte de las inversiones internacionales. En Mexico, America Movil represento el 45% del total de inversiones mexicanas nuevas en el extranjero entre 2009 y 2017. Junto con Cemex (11%), llevo adelante mas de la mitad de todos los proyectos de intemacionalizacion.
Con respecto a Brasil, las inversiones...
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