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Introdução
No acompanhamento do noticiário através da imprensa, verifica-se que, quando o tema é sobre o capital estrangeiro, várias celeumas se criam em torno do assunto, inclusive com manifestações contrárias a ele. Alguns chegam a analisar o assunto através da teoria econômica, para mostrar que a presença desse capital é maléfica para o país.
Diante desse impasse que o tema acaba criando, este trabalho procura mostrar que a questão principal não é ser a favor ou contra o capital estrangeiro, mas sim, de forma despojada de qualquer comprometimento ideológico ou funcional, analisar, de forma sucinta, as questões que envolvem a dependência das economias emergentes em relação ao capital estrangeiro e quais efeitos essa situação têm sobre a atividade econômica dos países. Inicialmente, desenvolvemos uma rápida recapitulação teórica, abordando os principais conceitos e suas relações no entendimento dessa dependencia. A seguir, analisamos as relações que esses conceitos tem com o dia-a-dia das mais diferentes economias.
Mostramos que, utilizando modelos simples e lineares, é possível explicar por que um determinado país pode ser abalado pelas flutuações conjunturais enfrentadas por outras economías, sejam das industrializadas ou não.
A partir daí, fica fácil compreender os momentos delicados pelos quais enfrentaram e ainda enfrentam, nos últimos anos, economias como a argentina, a brasileira e a mexicana, notadamente as majores economías latino-americanas.
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Aspectos conceituais
As dificuldades que os países emergentes têm enfrentado nos últimos anos não são pequenas, principalmente quando se leva em consideração o aspecto desenvolvimentista. A extensão territorial de muitos países, por exemplo, tem se apresentado como um dos grandes obstáculos. Outro importante aspecto tem relação com a questão do isolamento social, cultural e econômico, representado por barreiras religiosas entre diversos setores da população, bem como por barreiras lingüísticas.
Outros países, por sua vez, vivem o problema da chamada escassez de capital para a importação de bens e serviços que seriam essenciais para o desenvolvimento de suas economias; é o conhecido estrangulamento externo da economia. E essa escassez de capital se deve à baixa capacidade de acumulação de renda da sociedade, fruto de um baixo nivel de renda.
Diante dessa necessidade de recursos, que permita a uma nação mudar de grandeza, é que surge o capital estrangeiro, que normalmente se desloca de um país a outro, para aquisição de empresas, equipamentos, instalaçãões e/ou exploração de serviços, sempre tendo em vista as oportunidades por ele apresentadas. Esse capital estrangeiro pode ser classificado como direto, quando é utilizado para a criação de novas empresas ou para a participação societária em outras empresas já existentes, e indireto, quando se dirige a um país soba forma de empréstimos e financiamentos de longo prazo. (2)
2.1 Modelo de uma economia aberta
Quando estudamos os princípios básicos da ciência econômica, sempre nos deparamos com algumas identidades importantes, oriundas do modelo do fluxo circular da renda. E é através dele que entendemos que a poupança é aquela parte da renda que não é gasta em bens de consumo, e que o investimento é a poupança utilizada na aquisição de bens de capital e estoques de produtos acabados. (3) Isso nos permite afirmar que somente existirão investimentos em uma economía quando ela tiver disponíveis recursos de poupança.
Desta forma, consideremos uma economia completa, isto é, uma economía que, além dos setores privado e público, possua também o setor externo, ou seja, mantenha relações internacionais. Isso significa dizer que essa economia tem condições de realizar o comércio internacional, exportando e importando bens e serviços, bem como permite a entrada e saída de recursos de capital.
A teoría econômica não nos permite esquecer que tudo o que um país produz, em bens e serviços, é destinado ao consumo (C) de sua população, aos investimentos (I), ao consumo e investimento do governo (G) e também para a exportação (X). Assim, podemos escrever a identidade que representa a utilização da produção nacional (PN), que é dada por:
PN = C + I + G + X
Por outro lado, quando raciocinamos em termos da renda nacional (RN), que representa a soma de todas as remunerações recebidas pela população, não devemos...
Economias emergentes e a sua dependencia do capital estrangeiro.
Author: | Nogami, Otto |
Position: | ECONOM |
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