Desigualdad: la educación como primer remedio.
Author | Hadjian, Avedis |
[ILUSTRACIÓN OMITIR]
En los últimos diez años, Latinoamérica ha hecho importantes avances en la lucha contra la desigualdad. Por primera vez, los pobres, en promedio, ya no son el mayor grupo socioeconómico de la región, gracias al crecimiento de una clase media que ahora promedia entre 40 por ciento y 70 por ciento en los países latinoamericanos.
Aunque algunos signos apuntan a cierto estancamiento, la desigualdad del ingreso ha bajado constantemente en América Latina en el último decenio. Según el Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD), en la década del 2000 la brecha se redujo en 14 de los 17 países para los cuales se cuenta con datos comparables. La pobreza (definida como un ingreso de US$4,00 por día) cayó de 41,5 por ciento en 2000 a 29,6 por ciento en 2010.
Pero a pesar de todos estos progresos, según la mayoría de los parámetros Latinoamérica sigue siendo la región con mayor desigualdad del mundo. El coeficiente Gini--el patrón más común para medir las diferencias de ingreso, en el cual 0 es una igualdad absoluta y 1, una desigualdad absoluta- declinó desde un promedio ponderado de 0,549 a fines de la década de 1990 para el ingreso familiar per cápita a 0,498 a fines de la década de 2000. Se trata de un avance más rápido que en cualquier otra parte. Pero modesto comparado con el Gini de 0,25 de Escandinavia, que es la región más igualitaria del mundo en función del ingreso.
Los datos sugieren fuertemente que dosfactores explican la tendencia a la convergencia del ingreso en América latina:
* La reducción de la desigualdad en el salario por hora.
* Tranferencias gubernamentales mayores y en crecimiento.
Una monografía redactada por Evridiki Tsounta y Anayochukwu Osueke para el Fondo Monetario Internacional sugiere que el crecimiento del PIB y un conjunto de políticas explican el descenso de la desigualdad en la región. Pero la evidencia indica que la lucha contra la desigualdad fue liderada por las inversiones en educación.
"En términos...
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