Contents

iii

CONTENTS

Contents ...................................................................................................iii

Foreword ................................................................................................. ix

Preface..................................................................................................... xi

Introduction

The Scope of This Book ..........................................................................1

Chapter I

The Antitrust Laws: An Overview .......................................................3

A. Federal Antitrust Statutes: What Do They Prohibit?......................... 3

1. Conspiracies in Restraint of Trade............................................... 3

a. Rule of Reason versus Per Se Illegality ................................4

b. Vertical Restraints ................................................................. 6

(1) Price Restraints ...............................................................7

(2) Nonprice Restraints ........................................................7

(a) Location, Customer, and Territorial

Restraints ................................................................7

(b) Exclusive Dealing Arrangements ...........................8

(c) Tying....................................................................... 9

(d) Field of Use Restraints in Trademark

License Agreements.............................................. 10

c. Horizontal Restraints........................................................... 11

(1) Price Fixing; Bid Rigging; Market and Customer

Allocation .....................................................................11

(2) Group Boycotts............................................................. 12

(3) Other Competitor Collaborations, Including

Information Sharing...................................................... 14

d. How to Determine Whether There Is an Agreement or

Conspiracy........................................................................... 14

(1) Express Agreement....................................................... 15

(2) Role of Circumstantial Evidence in Proving an

Agreement or Conspiracy .............................................16

(3) Tacit Collusion, Including Conscious

Parallelism ....................................................................16

e. How to Determine Whether the Agreement Is

Unreasonable....................................................................... 17

(1) The Relevant Market Must Be Defined in Which

to Measure a Firm’s Market Power, or Lack of It ........18