CONTENTS

JurisdictionNorth Carolina

Contents

Table of Cases xiii

Acknowledgments xvii

PART I INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW OF THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE DECISION-MAKING PROCESS

Chapter 1 • The Problem of Wrongful Conviction 3

A. What Is a "Wrongful Conviction"? 3

B. Operational Definitions and Measurement 9

C. Wrongful Convictions: Incidence and Contributing Factors 12

D. Wrongful Convictions: Past, Present, and Future 17

Chapter 2 • Wrongful Convictions and the Criminal Justice Process: Decision Points and Decision-Makers 21

A. Introduction 21

B. The Police and the Decision to Arrest 22

Gibson v. State 23

Notes and Questions 28

C. The Prosecutor: Charging and Trial Decisions 29

Imbler v. Pachtman 30

Notes and Questions 37

Buckley v. Fitzsimmons 38

Notes and Questions 44

D. The Criminal Trial: Proof Beyond a Reasonable Doubt 48

In re Winship 49

Notes and Questions 52

E. Appellate Review and the Sufficiency of the Evidence 55

Corbin v. State 56

Tucker v. Palmer 60

Notes and Questions 66

F. Post-Conviction Review 66

People v. Tankleff 67

Notes and Questions 70

G. Federal Habeas Corpus and Free-Standing Claims of Actual Innocence 71

Herrera v. Collins 73

Notes and Questions 83

In re Davis 84

H. Conclusion 86

PART II THE LEADING CORRELATES AND CAUSES OF WRONGFUL CONVICTIONS

Chapter 3 • Eyewitness Identification 91

A. Introduction 91

B. Supreme Court Doctrine Governing the Admissibility of Eyewitness Identification Testimony 92

1. Line-Ups and Show-Ups 92

Manson v. Brathwaite 98

Notes and Questions 104

2. Photo Identifications 105

United States v. Ash 106

Notes and Questions 111

C. Eyewitness Identification Procedures: Research Evidence, Policy Directives, and Developments in the State Courts 112

1. Eyewitness Identification: Social Science Research and Related Policy Directives 112

2. State Court Developments 116

State v. Herrera 116

Notes and Questions 120

Tegoseak v. State 122

Notes and Questions 132

D. Expert Testimony 133

State v. Clopten 133

Notes and Questions 138

E. Conclusion 140

Chapter 4 • False Confessions 141

A. Introduction 141

B. Voluntariness 142

1. The Due Process Test 142

2. State Action 145

Colorado v. Connelly 145

Notes and Questions 149

3. The Totality of the Circumstances: Characteristics of the Suspect 150

Wilson v. Lawrence County 150

Notes and Questions 153

In the Interest of Jerrell C.J. 154

Notes and Questions 160

4. The Totality of the Circumstances: Police Interrogation Tactics 161

Lincoln v. State 165

Notes and Questions 173

5. Voluntariness: The Burden of Proof 175

State v....

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