Content vs. style.

• Author: Gehring, Wes D.

MY CLASS IN FILM THEORY keys upon the dichotomy of realism versus formalism. The former approach accents con. tent over style and attempts to tell its story without drawing attention to the filmmaking. Hallmarks range from the comedies of Charlie Chaplin to the Westerns of John Ford. In contrast, formalism is all about the self-conscious use of movie techniques, such as the elaborate editing in Alfred Hitchcock's shower sequence from "Psycho" (1960), or Martin Scorsese's frequent use of freeze frames in "GoodFellas" (1990). Other formalistic components are scene repetition, slow and speeded up motion, moving camera, soft focus, color tinting, and so on.

It is easier to teach or argue the merits of formalism because the results literally call attention to themselves and, when early film theorists were justifying the artistic aspects of this new medium, they built their case upon the formalist approach of filmmakers such as Russia's Sergei Eisenstein's "Battleship Potemkin" (1925); its uniquely edited Odessa Steps sequence is one of the most famous scenes in cinema history. Recent examples of formalism would include "Atonement" and "Michael Clayton" (both 2007). In the former, a young wannabe writer (Saoirse Ronan) sees a series of events, and each time misinterprets what has occurred. However, as the story unfolds, these occurrences are repeated from new perspectives, which reveal what actually happened. Tragically, the faulty decisions made by the imaginative young heroine have dire consequences for two young lovers. Yet, what makes "Atonement" all the more poignant is how the story, through the repetition of pivotal scenes, represents a metaphor for the subjective nature of life itself--how we all have made poor decisions based upon "facts" that turn out to be misleadingly incomplete.

"Michael Clayton" is told in extended flashback, after a short introduction in which the title character (George Clooney) is established as a corporate lawyer who makes problems, legal or otherwise, go away. After an unexpected attempt on Clayton's life, the narrative backtracks to the catalyst for this action. Once the flashback nearly runs its course, the viewer sees a series of scenes for the second time, but these now have an added layered richness by way of new information.

Formalism is so prevalent today that even filmmakers thought of as nitty-gritty realists, like Scorsese, frequently trade in self-conscious technique, be it the slow motion he used in...