Colorado

• Pages: 378-426

Chapter 7

for the

STATE OF COLORADO

Updated and Revised by

M. Antonio Gallegos, Esq.

James E. Hartley, Esq.

Holland & Hart LLP

Denver, Colorado

The Section of Antitrust Law thanks Jan Michael Zavislan, Deputy Attorney

General, and Maria Berkenkotter, First Assistant Attorney General, Colorado

Attorney General’s Office, for their review of this chapter.

The Section gratefully acknowledges Barry E. Cohen, Esq., Dawnee Giammittorio,

Esq., Thorvald A. Nelson, Esq., B. Lawrence Theis, Esq., andNancy A. Trethewey,

Esq. for their work on this chapter in prior editions.

Colorado 7-iii

CONTENTS

1.Introduction ................................................................................................... 1

1.a.Overview.......................................................................................... 1

1.d.Relation to Federal Law................................................................... 1

1.e.Remedies.......................................................................................... 2

1.f.Enforcement ..................................................................................... 2

2.The Per Se Rule and the Rule of Reason ....................................................... 3

3.Horizontal Agreements Other Than Group Boycotts .................................... 4

3.a.Price Fixing...................................................................................... 4

3.c.Market Allocation ............................................................................ 5

3.d.Bid Rigging...................................................................................... 5

3.e.Covenants Not toCompete .............................................................. 5

4.Group Boycotts.............................................................................................. 7

4.a.Concerted Refusals to Deal.............................................................. 7

4.b.Expulsion or Exclusion from Membership in Trade

Associations or Other Groups .......................................................... 7

5.Resale Price Maintenance.............................................................................. 8

5.a.Generally.......................................................................................... 8

5.b. Monsanto Rule ................................................................................. 9

5.c.Impact of Leegin .............................................................................. 9

6.Nonprice Vertical Restraints–Intrabrand....................................................... 9

7.Nonprice Vertical Restraints–Interbrand..................................................... 10

8.Tying Arrangements .................................................................................... 10

9.Dual Distribution ......................................................................................... 11

10.Intracorporate Conspiracy............................................................................ 11

11.Monopolization............................................................................................ 11

11.a.Monopolization.............................................................................. 11

11.c.Monopoly Leveraging.................................................................... 12

12.Mergers........................................................................................................ 12

13.Discrimination & Other Forms of Single FirmPricing Regulation............. 13

13.a.Price Discrimination ...................................................................... 13

13.a.1.Territorial orLocality Discrimination......................... 13

13.a.2.BuyerLiability ............................................................ 14

13.a.3.Meeting Competition Defense .................................... 14

13.a.6.O ther Defenses and Exemptions................................. 15

13.a.8.Secret P ayments or Allowances.................................. 15

13.a.9.P romotional Allowances and Services........................ 15

13.a.10.SalesBelow Cost and Loss Leaders............................ 15

13.c.Specific Industry Rules ..................................................................19

13.c.2.Cigarettes ....................................................................19

13.c.4.Fueland Petroleum .....................................................19

14.Exemptions and Defenses to Antitrust Liability.......................................... 19

14.a.Statutory Exemptions and Defenses............................................... 19

14.a.1.StateAction................................................................. 19

14.a.4.Statuteof Limitations.................................................. 19

14.a.6.Labor ........................................................................... 20