Michael Clayton, Hollywood's contemporary hero-lawyer: beyond outsider within and insider without.

• Author: Kamir, Orit
• Position: Legal Outsiders in American Film

1. INTRODUCTION

   When we think of "outsiders" in the context of law, those who often come to mind are members of disenfranchised minorities, such as the mentally challenged. But in many of Hollywood's lawyer films, the paradigmatic and perhaps most interesting outsider is the lawyer himself. The lawyer protagonist is often an "outsider within" his community, the legal culture, or his law firm. (When the cinematic lawyer is a woman, she is often "twice removed" from the on-screen world's "inside" sphere.) In many law films, the cinematic lawyer often transcends the boundaries of the film's community, of its legal world, of the cinematic law firm, or even of the law itself, becoming "the insider without." The lawyer, then, evolves from an outsider within to an insider without, at times coming full circle and returning to the outsider within status. A cinematic lawyer who is a true insider and operates strictly within the law, society, his law firm, and the legal world is often portrayed as unreliable and corrupt. Justice, Hollywood tells us, is not often upheld by "insiders within."

   The fashioning of the cinematic lawyer as an outsider within and an insider without is a predominant theme in law films from the early 1960s to this day. Yet it has undergone significant transformations. In the early 1960s, the heyday of lawyer films, the lawyer, a hero, was an outsider within an immoral community, entrenched in its old, anachronistic ways. His resistance and transcendence of his community's values served higher principles, paving the way to progressive social change. Even his infrequent transcendence of law itself was in the service of humanity, dignity, and justice--law's most cherished values. In later decades, Hollywood's lawyer grew less ideological and more cynical. He became existentially estranged to the legal profession, to the legal system, and even to law and society. His transcendence became more lonely and desperate, and its social moral value questionable. The nature of his "inside" and "outside" qualities shifted.

   The particulars of any cinematic lawyer's "insideness" and "outsideness" attest to certain social perceptions of law, society, and lawyers. These become meaningful when read against other such cinematic perceptions, voiced by other law films.

   This article focuses on a single, cinematic lawyer: George Clooney's 2007 title character Michael Clayton. (1) I argue that Hollywood's lawyer films are cast in generic molds that impact the characterizations of their lawyers' insideness and outsideness. I suggest that classic 1960s hero-lawyer films were modeled on the Western; their lawyers were thus insiders and outsiders in the way that Western heroes were. To some extent, this feature has clung to Hollywood's hero-lawyers to date. Since the 1990s, however, mainly due to the "Grisham syndrome" (i.e., the impact of the John Grisham-based law films) some lawyer films follow the generic patterns of thrillers, and particularly those of the "innocent-on-the-run" variety. Their formulations of their lawyers' "inside/outside" traits adhere to thrillers' generic conventions. In line with the pattern set in earlier lawyer films, Michael Clayton is an outsider and an insider in both the Western and the thriller fashions. But he is also a Film Noir character; this characterization casts his inside/outside traits in distinctly dark shades.

   I argue that Michael Clayton's affiliation with the Film Noir genre signals a meaningful shift in the public perception of lawyers' insideness and outsideness. In 2007, the lawyer protagonist is no longer portrayed as a decent, quiet man on the outskirts of society, ready to fight and rescue the community when the need arises (the Western model); nor is he an uncommitted citizen who must undergo traumatic departure and return in order to become more deeply committed to his community and its values (the thriller model). Clayton resonates with both, but also with Film Noir's hard-boiled, cynical big-city dweller, trapped in the maze of corruption that he can neither overcome nor escape. The film world's maze is made up of the legal world, the legal profession, Clayton's law firm, the corporate world, and society at large. In line with the logic of Film Noir, even when exposing a corrupt corporation and bringing it down, Clayton remains trapped as ever because in the "asphalt jungle" of Film Noir one can run, but never break free. The turn to Film Noir thus signals, accommodates, and enhances a bleak mode of cynical despair regarding lawyers, as well as the hope of civil rights and rule of law that they once stood for.

   Following a brief synopsis of Michael Clayton in Part II, the article explores the insider/outsider theme in Westerns, in thrillers, and in Film Noir, as well as in the lawyer film at hand. Part III focuses on Westerns and classic hero lawyer films, Part IV on thrillers, and Part V on Film Noir.

2. MICHAEL CLAYTON FILM SYNOPSIS

   The film opens within the dark, empty hallways of a law firm awakening to a new busy day, accompanied by a frantic, pleading, prophetic voiceover narrating a lawyer's moment of enlightenment; the moment of realization that his professional life was poisoning not merely his own personal life, but also the miracle of humanity. The moment in which he suddenly apprehended that he has sacrificed his life in the service of a monstrous organism--the law firm--whose sole purpose was to assist larger monstrous organisms in destroying innocent human lives. Only much later does the viewer realize that the voice was that of Tom Wilkinson's Arthur, Clayton's colleague. After years of representing the "deadly weed-killing" agrochemical corporation, U/North, in a $3 billion class action, Arthur stripped naked during the depositions, and later began to build the case for the plaintiffs, helpless farmers, against his own client. This dramatic acting out, which Arthur tries to account for in the film's opening scene, triggers the developments featured throughout the film.

   From this confusing, disturbing opening scene, the film cuts abruptly to Sydney Pollack's Marty, the senior partner working on closing the settlement between U/North and the class-action plaintiffs, to a woman (later identified as Tilda Swinton's Karen, U/North's CEO) undergoing something that seems to be a breakdown in a dark, enclosed space, and to a dark scene in what later turns out to be a card game in a Chinatown basement. There the camera finds Clayton at a card game table, taunted by one of the other players, who teases him about his loss of a restaurant he owned. Clayton walks out and into the dark, empty street where he receives a phone call from a colleague asking him to drop in on a client in distress. The raging client, who had just committed a hit-and-run car accident, demands that Clayton live up to his expectation of "miracle worker." Clayton patiently explains that he is merely the firm's fixer, the man who can find the best-qualified lawyer to clean up the mess. Throughout the film Clayton repeats this line over and over: he is a janitor, a bagman, the man with the broom.

   Driving away from the enraged client, in the countryside, Clayton notices three horses standing peacefully on a hilltop by the road. He approaches them, his face expressing pain, awe, and yearning. As he bonds with them silently his car explodes, and the horses flee. Stunned Clayton throws his watch and other personal belongings into the burning car, running for his life.

   A title screen announces "four days earlier," and the viewer meets Clayton picking up his son, Henry, from his ex-wife's home and driving him to his school bus. During this short ride Henry enthusiastically narrates the plotline of his current favorite science-fiction book, Realm and Conquest. It is about soldiers cut off from their armies, trying to survive. As they are all masked, they are unable to tell whether the others surrounding them are friends or mortal enemies. Hence--every man for himself. There are no alliances, no pacts, and no trust relationships. Clayton remarks that the situation sounds familiar, embracing the science-fiction doomsday scenario as the film's appropriate motto.

   The film continues to cut abruptly and move frantically between parallel sites and subplots that intertwine and impact upon each other. One such subplot is Clayton's desperate attempt to "clean up" the mess his brother Timmy got him into and then left him with. He struggles to sell the bankrupt restaurant they co-owned, and to pay back a $75,000 debt. He is told he has a week. Another subplot is Marty's attempt to sell his New York based law firm to a British buyer. He does everything in his power to close the deal before the British buyer learns of the U/North scandal and retracts the offer.

   Yet another plotline is Karen's determined attempt to do what it takes to prove herself worthy of the prestigious position she was offered by Don Jeffries, U/North's preceding CEO and current chair of its Board of Directors. She prepares for a press interview and a Board meeting, while also hiring professional assassins to "eliminate" first Arthur and then Clayton.

   The central subplot, which brings together the different characters and subplots, is that of Arthur's "awakening"/collapse/breach of professional confidence. Having met perfect Anna, the young, innocent plaintiff from Minnesota and realizing that he has corrupted his life in the service of a toxic corporation, Arthur strips naked during Anna's deposition in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and is promptly arrested. Clayton arrives on the scene, arranges for Arthur's release from police custody, takes him to a hotel, and tries to get things under control. But Arthur, convinced that he has become "Shiva, the god of death," refuses to cooperate, fleeing Clayton's company and avoiding his calls. He has managed to obtain a confidential memo, proving that Don Jeffries, U/North's previous CEO, knew of the...