Canada

• Pages: 1-171

CHAPTER 4

CANADA

Canada-3

CONTENTS

A. OVERVIEW ............................................................................................................ 9

1. General Policies Underlying Competition Laws ............................................ 9

a. Introduction ......................................................................................... 9

b. Principal Objectives .......................................................................... 11

c. Role of Economic Doctrines and Analysis ....................................... 12

(1) Market Power ........................................................................... 14

(2) Market Definition ..................................................................... 15

(3) Market Concentration ............................................................... 16

(4) Unilateral and Coordinated Competitive Effects ..................... 17

(5) Barriers to Entry ....................................................................... 18

(6) Efficiencies ............................................................................... 18

2. Overview of Applicable Statutes .................................................................. 19

3. Overview of Structure, Independence, and Jurisdiction

of Enforcement Agencies .......................................................................... 22

4. Overview of Structure, Independence, and Jurisdiction

of Judicial Authorities ............................................................................... 23

a. Competition Tribunal ........................................................................ 23

b. The Courts ........................................................................................ 25

5. Additional Policy and Practical Considerations ........................................... 27

a. Cost and Time Considerations in Litigation ..................................... 27

b. Cost and Time Considerations in the

Administrative Process ..................................................................... 29

c. Limitation Periods ............................................................................ 30

d. Interventions by the Commissioner in Other

Regulatory Proceedings .................................................................... 30

B. SUBSTANTIVE LAW ............................................................................................ 31

1. Horizontal Agreements and Practices ........................................................... 31

a. Generally ........................................................................................... 31

b. Cartel Enforcement ........................................................................... 33

(1) Applicable Law ........................................................................ 33

(a) The Statutory Prohibition .................................................. 34

(b) The Agreement Element .................................................... 35

(c) The Intent Element ............................................................ 37

(d) Implementation of Foreign Agreements ............................ 37

(2) Agreements Covered ................................................................ 37

(a) Price Fixing ....................................................................... 38

(b) Market Allocation .............................................................. 40

(c) Customer Allocation .......................................................... 40

(d) Output Restrictions ............................................................ 41

(e) Group Boycotts .................................................................. 41