Blue & black.

• Author: Healy, Jack
• Position: NATIONAL - Police and the black communities

Recent police killings of African-Americans have sparked outrage, protests, and deadly attacks on officers. What can be done to bridge the divide between police and black communities?

Shanel Berry has raised her two sons, Dallas, 15, and Amari, 11, to be confident and upstanding. She tells them to square their shoulders, look people in the eye, and defend what's right. But her advice comes with an exception: Do none of those things if stopped by the police.

In that case, she wants her sons to be cautious and just obey any orders the police may give them--even if they feel they were stopped for no reason.

"That is the part Dallas doesn't quite get," says Berry, a teacher in Waterloo, Iowa. "[He asks,] 'Why are you telling me to comply if I am not doing anything wrong?' I am trying to teach them to be men and stand up for themselves, but at the same time I am telling them to back down and not be who they are."

Around the country, black parents like Berry report having the same difficult discussion. They coach their kids never to talk back to the police or make sudden movements around them, and to make sure officers can always see their hands. Parents have this talk because they believe some police officers view blacks with suspicion and treat them less fairly than whites. They fear their children may be hurt, or even killed, during encounters with the police.

A string of police killings of African-Americans in recent years has highlighted such fears. The killings made headlines and ignited protests nationwide after many of them were captured on video and widely viewed on social media. Civil rights leaders are calling for police to be held accountable for their actions and for an end to what they say is racial profiling. In response, many police say that they're being unfairly judged by the actions of a few officers and that snippets of video that go viral on social media don't always tell the whole story. Some law enforcement officials blame activist movements like Black Lives Matter for a growing anti-police sentiment that they say is making officers' jobs more dangerous.

Tensions reached a boiling point this past summer. First, on July 5 in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, two police officers shot and killed a black man named Alton Sterling while arresting him outside a store. The next day, an officer fatally shot another black man, Philando Castile, during a traffic stop near St. Paul, Minnesota. (Both Castile and Sterling were carrying guns, and Castile had a license to do so; the details of exactly what led up to each shooting are still under investigation.)

Then, on July 7, during a peaceful march in Dallas, Texas, protesting those shootings, a sniper killed five police officers. Ten days later, three officers in Baton Rouge were killed by a gunman who was targeting police. (The Dallas and Baton Rouge assailants, both black, were killed by police.)

In August, violence broke out in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, after a police officer fatally shot a black man named Sylville K. Smith who had allegedly fled with a gun during a traffic stop. In the protests that followed, angry crowds injured several officers.

These tragedies mark the latest chapter in an increasingly passionate debate over racial justice, discrimination, and violence in the United States.

"If we cannot talk honestly and openly--not just in the comfort of our own circles, but with those who look different than us or bring a different perspective--then we will never break this dangerous cycle," President Obama said at a memorial service in Dallas.

Ferguson, Missouri

The issue of racial bias in policing has been in the national spotlight since August 2014, when an unarmed black teenager named Michael Brown was killed by a white police officer in Ferguson, Missouri. The officer said he shot Brown in self-defense after a struggle. Some witnesses supported the officer's account; others said Brown posed no threat and the shooting was unjustified.

The officer wasn't charged with a crime. But a follow-up investigation by the Justice Department found that police in Ferguson routinely discriminated against African-Americans and violated their constitutional rights. Black drivers were often stopped for no reason (a phenomenon many black Americans refer to as "driving while black") and were much more likely to have their cars searched than whites. When officers used force (such as Tasers), nearly 90 percent of the time the suspects were black.

Many black Americans say that this sort of bias isn't unique to Ferguson. While the vast majority of police encounters with people across the country end peacefully, that's less likely with African-Americans. "None of this is new," says Paul Butler, a law professor at Georgetown University in Washington, D.C. "African-Americans have never received equal justice under the law, and police have rarely been held accountable."

Documenting racial profiling in police work is difficult. Several factors--including higher violent crime rates in many black neighborhoods--make it hard to distinguish evidence of bias from other influences. But federal statistics show that, nationwide, blacks are 31 percent more likely to be pulled over than whites. Studies have also found that blacks are more likely than whites and other groups to be subjected to the use of force by the police. And a recent Washington Post analysis reported that blacks are more than twice as likely as whites to be shot and killed by the police.

This has led many African-Americans to distrust and fear the police. New York City police detective Derick Waller...