Are You Addicted to Your Phone?

• Author: Bubar, Joe
• Position: Cover story

Your smartphone and all those apps were designed to grab your attention. But now even some in the tech industry say the gadgets have become too addictive.

The first thing Alfredo Santos does when he wakes up each morning is check his iPhone. The rest of the day, the 16-year-old from New York City can't seem to put the device down, whether he's in class, at the dinner table, or lying in bed trying to fall asleep.

"If I can feel my phone in my pocket, I just want to take it out and check it," says Santos, a 10th grader at New York Harbor School. "It's just tempting."

Santos is far from alone in succumbing to the constant itch to check an Instagram feed, view a friend's latest Snapchat story, or play another round of Word Cookies. On average, Americans check their phones once every 12 minutes, according to a recent study by the tech company Asurion.

Many psychologists, teachers, and parents have long worried that teens are spending too much time on their phones. But now, even some people within the tech industry are saying that their products, which were designed to get you hooked, are too difficult to put down.

In January, two of Apple's largest investors wrote an open letter to the company, pressuring Apple to do more to combat what many people see as a growing health crisis among young people: phone addiction. Together, these investors-JANA Partners and the California State Teachers' Retirement System-own about $2 billion worth of Apple stock.

"The days of just throwing technology out there and washing your hands of the potential impact are over," says Barry Rosenstein of JANA Partners.

Millions of Apps

There are millions of different apps available on Androids and iPhones, and they're all competing for attention. After all, the more time users spend on an app, the more companies will pay to advertise on them.

"The people designing these apps are very sophisticated," says Adam Alter, a psychology professor at New York University and the author of the book Irresistible. "There's a lot of them, and they're doing everything they can to keep us engaged."

Some companies even apply neuroscience to find ways to get users' attention. At Neurons Inc., a Danish company that Facebook and others have used, researchers measure the electrical activity of people's brains while they're on an app to see which features bring them the most joy and keep them most engaged.

Efforts like these seem to be working--perhaps too well. According to a 2016 survey by Common Sense Media, half of teens say they feel addicted to their phones. Alfredo Santos is one of them.

"If I don't have my phone, I can't find anything else to do," he says. "I don't feel comfortable with myself. I'm like, 'What am I going to do now?'"

A Generation of Guinea Pigs?

Phone addiction isn't listed as a recognized disorder in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, the standard U.S. reference book for mental health diagnoses. However, research shows that obsessively checking your phone could have negative side effects. The more time teens spend in front of screens, the less happy they are, according to a 2018 study by Jean Twenge, a psychology professor at San Diego State University. In a 2017 study, Twenge also found that young people who use social media daily are 13 percent more likely to report high levels of depressive symptoms than those who don't use social media daily.

And all of this technology is so new that researchers don't yet know how it might affect the still-developing brains of teens. Says psychologist Edward Spector, "We have an entire generation of guinea pigs in an experiment."

Some countries, especially in East Asia, treat internet addiction like an addiction to gambling or drugs. Both China and South Korea view it as a public health threat and have opened, hundreds of treatment centers.

In China an estimated 24 million people ages 6 to 29 are internet addicts. The country's treatment centers have earned the nickname "boot camps" because teenagers at the facilities wear camouflage uniforms and have to perform militarystyle drills. The boot camps, which mostly cut teens off from internet access entirely, have drawn sharp criticism for what many see as overly harsh treatment.

Some less extreme treatment facilities have popped up in the U.S. One is reSTART, a retreat center in Fall City, Washington, for teens and adults who obsessively use technology. Patients detox from technology while working with counselors to discover the root issues behind their tech dependencies.

The center's CEO, Cosette Rae, says many of the patients there have dropped out of school because they're so hooked on video games or the internet. Some are even malnourished because they can't pull themselves away from their screens.

"The past couple years, we're getting more and more kids that want to come in," says Rae. "They're saying, 'Hey, I've tried to quit, I've...