Iraq's modern Arabic literature in English translation: a preliminary bibliography.

• Author: Altoma, Salih J.
• Position: Modern Iraqi Literature in English Translation

The primary purpose of this bibliographical survey is to provide a guide to Iraq's modern Arabic literature in English translation. Iraqi literature written in other languages such as Kurdish and Turkmen are not included in this survey. Iraqi-Jewish writers who were noted for their literary efforts during the pre-1950 period are cited only if their translated works were published before their departure from Iraq (e.g. Ya'qub Balbul and Anwar Sha'ul). It should be pointed out that their writings are recognized, often in positive terms, as an integral part of Iraq's Arabic literature. The 1988 anthology of Iraqi Short Stories, a government-sponsored publication, refers, for example, to "the sincere earnest efforts made by writers of that period [the 1930s], namely Mahmoud Ahmed Al-Sayyid, Anwar Shaoul, Dhul-Noun Ayyoub, Abdul-Haq Fadhil, Yousif Matti, Shalmon [Shalom] Darweesh and others." (p. 10).(1)

As the various parts of the bibliography suggest, both English translations and studies have focused on the significant contribution which Iraqi poets have made, especially since the 1940s, to contemporary Arabic poetry. Hence the prominence given to the leading modernist poets who have enriched Arabic poetry in techniques and thematic orientation: Badr Shakir al-Sayyab (1926-1964), Nazik al-Mala'ika (b.1923), Abd al-Wahhab al-Bayati (b.1926), Buland al-Haydari (1926-1996) and Sa'di Yusuf (b.1934). On the other hand, Muhammad Mahdi al-Jawahiri (1900-1997), who stands out as the greatest representative of the classical tradition, is represented only by fragments of his rich legacy in English translation. There is no doubt that the current literary taste, in targeted Western languages, is not receptive to such traditional poetry. However, it is also important to keep in mind another restraining factor, i.e., the demanding task of translating al-Jawahiri's poetic form, its wealth of allusions and usages spanning more than fourteen hundred years of Arabic literature, and the rhetorical expressions which the poet uses extensively in his works.

The other genres (the drama, the novel, and the short story) are marginally represented primarily because they are, on the whole, more concerned with sociopolitical themes, current issues or revolutionary causes than with artistic requirements. The bibliography lists only a few items, mostly individual short stories, by pioneering and prolific writers such as Ayyub (19081988), Ja' far al-Khalili (1902-1985), Mahmud al-Sayyid (1893-1937), Yusuf alAni (b.1927) and others. Apart from al-Ani's play (1995), there are three other complete works of fiction by individual authors (two novels and a short story collection) available in English. Mu'alla's novel, noted for its political Ba'thist overtones, was translated and published in three parts(1979-1982) in London and Baghdad. The other two works, by two leading women writers, Daisy al-Amir (1994) and Aliyah Mamduh (1996) represent a welcome addition to the growing corpus of Arab women's writings in English translation. Mamduh's novel, Mothballs, translated by Peter Theroux, offers a unique perspective within the Iraqi, and perhaps the larger Arab, context. Narrated primarily by the heroine, the novel presents the world of a young Arab woman's struggle torn between her compassionate understanding of her ancient heritage and her disenchantment with its oppressive customs and practices. Mamduh's portrayal of a traditional life (in Baghdad and Karbala) gradually giving way to modernity is exceptionally vivid and authentic.

It is obvious that these four works give us only a very limited access to a rich literature of Iraqi fiction and drama. Among the contemporary writers who deserve greater attention because of the artistic quality of their works are Muhammad Khudayyir, Abd al-Malik Nuri (b.921), Abd al-Rahman al-Rubay'i (b.1930), and Fu'ad Takarli known also as Tikirli (b.1927). The latter's novel al-Raj' al-Ba'id (The Distant Echo), 1980, has been judged in a recent study to be "one of the best novels written in Arabic during the last fifteen years" (Walther, p. 136). Perhaps the fact that some of the translated works by Iraq's contemporary writers or poets have been included or reprinted in international anthologies serves as a measure of "the great skill" or the artistic refinement they have attained. (E.g. Khudayyir's "Clocks Like Horses" translated also under the title "Hours Swift as Horses).

The bibliography lists a few women writers including (in addition to Mamduh and al-Amir) al-Dilaymi, Hadi, al-Mana [al-Mani'], Muzaffar, and Suhayla Dawud Salman who in 1937 was the first Iraqi woman to publish an anthology of short stories. However, there are many more women writers of fiction who are unduly neglected or overlooked. It is significant to note that a bibliography published in al-Aqlam in 1989 lists forty one women writers who contributed to fiction alone between 1937 and 1988. The fact that Buthaynah al-Nasiri, an author of several works, was one of the three Arab women writers who were awarded prizes in recognition of the works at the first Arab Women's Book Fair held in Cairo last November (1995) is indicative of the need for a broader coverage of Iraqi women writings.(2) The same observation applies also to their representation as poets, notwithstanding the fact that Nazik al-Mala'ika may appear highly visible in both studies and translations. Indeed, of all leading Arab poets al-Mala'ika, known for her pioneering poetic and theoretical contributions, is yet to be represented by an anthology of her own. There is also an obvious gap in the literature as far as Lami'ah Abbas Amarah is concerned. Amarah, an accomplished poet with seven collections to her credit, is currently serving as the editor of Mandaee, San Diego, California, a newsletter dedicated to the Mandaeans of Iraq.

The bibliography itself should be considered as a preliminary attempt to survey Iraq's Arabic literature in English translation. Many of the sources consulted or utilized are published in Iraq or by Iraqi cultural institutions in the West, and are not accessible as a result of the Gulf War and the sanctions. I have relied on my personal collection of periodicals such as Iraq Today, Iraq, Baghdad, Ur, and Gilgamesh of which only pre-1990 issues are available. It is evident that gaps do exist in the sources covering both pre- and post-Gulf War periods. Needless to say, Iraq before the Gulf War was undergoing a phase of extraordinary cultural/artistic and literary renaissance and productivity. This is in spite of certain political or social shortcomings and the Iran-Iraq war of 19801988. Without access to pertinent Iraqi sources published in English, a bibliography of this nature is bound to be preliminary and tentative.

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Altoma, Salih J. "Postwar Iraqi literature: Agonies of Rebirth." Books Abroad 46 (1972): 211-213.

-----. "Iraqi Literature." Encyclopedia of World Literature in the 20th Century. Vol.2. New York: Frederick Ungar, 1981: 456-458.

Badawi, M. M. "Two Novelists From Iraq: Jabra and Munif." Journal of Arabic Literature 23 (1992): 141-154. [Both lived for a long time in Iraq, but they are not included in this survey because of their national origins].

Cooke, Miriam. "Death and Desire in Iraqi War Literature." [the Iran-Iraq war] Love and Sexuality in Modern Arabic Literature. Ed. Roger Allen et al. London: Saqi Books, 1995:184-199 +248-250

Hammoudi, Bassim A. "The Iraqi Short Story: The Artistic and Social Change." Tr. Ranin Khalid Saeed. Gilgamesh (2/1986):73-81.

Ingrams, Doreen. The Awakened: Women in Iraq. London: Third World Center, 1983.

Kishtainy, Khalid. "Women in Art and Literature." See Ingrams, Doreen: 129-154.

Khulusi, Safa. "Contemporary Poetesses of Iraq." The Islamic Review (June, 1950):40-45.

-----. "Modern Arabic Literature in Iraq." The Islamic Review (February 1951):35-39; (March 1951): 23-27.

al-Mafraji, Ahmed F. "Iraqi Theatre 1921-1958." Tr. Hassan Hafldh. Gilgamesh (2/1986):65-69.

Mason, Herbert. "Impressions of An Arabic Poetry Festival." [Regarding the 8th annual Marbid Poetry Festival, Baghdad, November, 1987] Religion and Literature 20.1(Spring 1988): 157-161.

Musawi, Muhsin Jassim. "Some Social Aspects of Iraqi Short Story." Tr. Mohammed Darweesh. Gilgamesh (1/1986):64-72.

-----. "The Modernist Trend in the Iraqi Short Story: The 1950s." Gilgamesh (2/1986):59-64.

Thamir, Fadhil. "The Iraqi Story and Social Change." Tr. Salim Shamoun. Gilgamesh (1/1986):72-75.

Walther, Wiebke. "Distant Echoes of Love in the Narrative Work of Fu'ad alTikirli [al-Takarli]." Love and Sexuality in Modern Arabic Literature. Ed. Roger Allen et al. London: Saqi Books, 1995:131-139+244-243.

ABBREVIATIONS

AA A.J. Arberry. Arabic Poetry: A Primer for Students. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1965.

AGH Evelyne Accad and Rose Ghurayyib. Contemporary Arab Women Writers and Poets. Beirut: Beirut University College, Institute For Arab Women's Studies in the Arab World, 1985.

AK Mounah A. Khouri and Hamid Algar, Tr. An Anthology of Modern Arabic Poetry. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1974.

AM Arthur J. Arberry, Tr. Modern Arabic Poetry, An Anthology with English Verse Translations. London: Taylor's Foreign Press, 1950.

AP Arab Perspectives. Washington, D.C.

AW The Arab World. New York, N.Y.

AWW When the Words Burn: An Anthology of Modern Arabic Poetry 1945-1987. Tr. and Ed. John Mikhail Asfour. Dunvegan, Ontario: Cormorant Books, 1988.

BA Books Abroad. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma

BHM Ben Bennani, Tr. Bread, Hashish and Moon: Four Modern Arab Poets. Greensboro: Unicorn Press, 1982.

BI Blood into Ink: South Asian and Middle Eastern Women Write War. Eds. Miriam Cooke and Roshni Rustomji-Kerns. Boulder: Westview Press, 1994.

BM Issa J. Boullata, Tr. Modern Arab Poets: 1950-1975. Washington, D.C.: Three Continents Press, 1976.

BO Baghdad Observer. Baghdad, Iraq.

BS...