Alternatives to Testimonial and Physical Proof

• Author: Edward L. Birnbaum/Carl T. Grasso/Justice Ariel E. Belen
• Pages: 539-558

ALTERNATIVES

TO PROOF

18-1

CHAPTER 18

ALTERNATIVES TO TESTIMONIAL

AND PHYSICAL PROOF

I. JUDICIAL NOTICE

A. General Points

§18:01 Def‌inition

§18:02 Effect

§18:03 Categories

B. Judicial Notice of Law

§18:10 Mandatory Notice Without Request

§18:11 Discretionary Notice Without Request; Mandatory Notice With Request

§18:12 Evidence Considered

§18:13 Appellate Review

C. Judicial Notice of Facts

§18:20 Effect

§18:21 Facts That May Be Judicially Noticed

§18:22 Procedure for Taking Judicial Notice of Facts

II. STIPULATIONS AND JUDICIAL ADMISSIONS

§18:30 Stipulations: Def‌inition and Interpretation

§18:31 Stipulations Are Enforceable

§18:32 Enforcement of Stipulations Precluded by Public Policy

§18:33 Requirements for Binding Stipulations

§18:34 Stipulations Before and During Trial

§18:35 Stipulation to Expert Qualif‌ications

§18:36 Judicial Admissions: In General

§18:37 Judicial Admissions: Formal

§18:38 Judicial Admissions: Informal

III. PRESUMPTIONS AND INFERENCES

A. General Points

§18:40 Presumption Versus Inference

§18:41 Bases of Presumptions

§18:42 Statutory Prima Facie Evidence Leads to an Inference

B. Conclusive or Irrebutable Presumptions

§18:50 Def‌inition and Effect

§18:51 Examples of Conclusive Presumptions

ALTERNATIVES

TO PROOF

New York Trial Notebook 18-2

C. Rebuttable Presumptions

§18:60 Overcoming Rebuttable Presumptions

§18:61 Rebuttable Presumption in Operation

§18:62 Examples of Rebuttable Presumptions

D. Common Inferences

§18:70 Statutory Prima Facie Evidence

§18:71 Res Ipsa Loquitur

§18:72 Evidence Not Produced