Addendum.

Uses of the Phrase "Potential Life" and Its Synonyms: Roe through Casey

"Potential life"

Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113, 150, 154, 156, 163 (1973); Doe v. Bolton, 410 U.S. 179, 197 (1973); id. at 221 (White, J. dissenting); Beal v. Doe, 432 U.S. 438, 457, 461 (1977) (Marshall, J., dissenting); Colautti v. Franklin, 439 U.S. 379, 406 (1979) (White, J. dissenting); Harris v. McRae, 448 U.S. 297, 316,324, 325, (1980); id. at 327, 328 (White, J., concur); id. at 341, 344, 346 (Marshall, J., dissent); id. at 351,351 n.3, 352, 352 n.4 (Stevens, J., dissent); Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health, Inc., 462 U.S. 416,461,466, 474 (1983) (O'Connor, J., dissenting); Planned Parenthood Assn. of Kansas City, Mo., Inc. v. Ashcroft, 462 U.S. 476, 500 (1983) (Blackmun, J., concurring and dissenting); Thornburgh v. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, 476 U.S. 747, 759 (1986); id. at 784, 784 n.* (Burger, J. dissenting); Webster v. Reproductive Health Services, 492 U.S. 490, 516 n.14 (1989); id. at 528, 530 (O'Connor, J., concurring); id. at 536 n.* (Scalia, J., concurring); id. at 541, 547 n.7, 552,555,556 (Blackmun, J., concurring and dissenting); id. at 569 (Stevens, J., concurring and dissenting); Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pa. v. Casey, 505 U.S. 833, 871, 872, 875, 876, 877, 878, 882, 887, 898 (1992); id. at 914, 915 n.3,916, 918 (Stevens, J., concurring and dissenting); id. at 925,929,934 (Blackmun, J., concurring and dissenting); id. at 949, 952,973 (Rehnquist, C.J., concurring and dissenting).

"Potentiality of life"

Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113, 162 (1973).

"Potentiality of human life"

Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113, 162, 164 (1973); Beal v. Doe, 432 U.S. 438, 461 (1977) (Marshall, J., dissenting); Harris v. McRae, 448 U.S. 297, 324 (1980); id. at 330 n.3, (Brennan, J., dissenting); Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health, Inc., 462 U.S. 416,428 (1983); id. at 453 n.1,459 (O'Connor, d., dissenting); Planned Parenthood Assn. of Kansas City, Mo., Inc. v. Ashcroft, 462 U.S. 476,482 (1983); id. at 499 (Blackmun, J., concurring and dissenting); Thornburgh v. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, 476 U.S. 747, 784 (1986) (Burger, J., dissenting, quoting Roe); Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pa. v. Casey, 505 U.S. 833,871,876, 879 (1992); id. at 929 (Blackmun, J., concurring and dissenting); id. at 946 (Rehnquist, C.J., concurring and dissenting); id. at 982 (Scalia, J., concurring and dissenting).

"Potential future human life"

Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113, 170 (1973) (Stewart, J., concurring).

"Potentially able to live outside the mother's womb"

Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113, 160 (1973); Planned Parenthood of Central Mo. v. Danforth, 428 U.S. 52, 63, 64 (1976); Colautti v. Franklin, 439 U.S. 379, 387 (1979); Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health, Inc., 462 U.S. 416, 454 n.1 (1983) (O'Connor, J., dissenting).

"Life or potential life"

Doe v. Bolton, 410 U.S. 179, 922 (1973) (White, J. dissenting); Planned Parenthood of Central Mo. v. Danforth, 428 U.S. 52, 92 (1976) (White, J., concurring and dissenting); Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pa. v. Casey, 505 U.S. 833, 852, 870 (1992).

"Life or potential life of the fetus"

Doe v. Bolton, 410 U.S. 179, 221 (1973) (White, J. dissenting).

"Potential life of the fetus"

Planned Parenthood of Central Mo. v. Danforth, 428 U.S. 52, 93 (1976) (White, J., concurring and dissenting); Beal v. Doe, 432 U.S. 438, 460 (1977) (Marshall, J., dissenting); Maher v. Roe, 432 U.S. 464, 472, 478 (1977); id. at 489 (Brennan, J., dissenting); Colautti v. Franklin, 439 U.S. 379,386,387 n.7 (1979); Harris v. McRae, 448 U.S. 297, 313, 324 (1980); id. at 329 (Brennan, J., dissenting); H.L. v. Matheson, 450 U.S. 398, 435 (1981) (Marshall, J., dissenting); Webster v. Reproductive Health Services, 499 U.S. 490,516 n.14 (1989); id. at 541 (Blackmun concurring and dissenting); id. at 562 (Stevens concurring and dissenting); Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pa. v. Casey, 505 U.S. 833, 949, 974 (1992) (Rehnquist, C.J., concurring and dissenting).

"Potential human life"

Planned Parenthood of Central Mo. v. Danforth, 428 U.S. 52, 61 (1976); id. at 93 (White, J., concurring and dissenting); Beal v. Doe, 432 U.S. 438,461 (1977) (Marshall, J., dissenting); Harris v. McRae, 448 U.S. 297, 313 (1980); id. at 350 (Stevens, J., dissenting); Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health, Inc., 462 U.S. 416, 420 n.1 (1983); id. at 454 n.1, 460, 461, 461 n.8 (O'Connor, J., dissenting); Thornburgh v. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, 476 U.S. 747, 828,831 (1986) (O'Connor, J., dissenting); id. at 794, 795 n.4 (White, J., dissenting, quoting Roe); Webster v. Reproductive Health Services, 492 U.S. 490, 515, 516, 516 n.14, 519, 520 521 (1989); id. at 528 (O'Connor, J., concurring); id. at 544, 545 n.6, 546, 549, 553, 554, 555 n.10 (Blackmun, J., concurring and dissenting); id. at 562 (Stevens, J., concurring and dissenting); Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pa. v. Casey, 505 U.S. 833, 914, 915 (1992); id. at 932 (Blackmun, J., concurring and dissenting); id. 989, 992 (Scalia, J., concurring and dissenting).

"Future life of the fetus"

Planned Parenthood of Central Mo. v. Danforth, 428 U.S. 52, 93 (1976) (White, J., concurring and dissenting).

"Capability (capable) of meaningful life outside the womb"

Planned Parenthood of Central Mo. v. Danforth, 428 U.S. 52, 63 (1976); id. at 99,100 (White, J., concurring and dissenting); Colautti v. Franklin, 439 U.S. 379,406 n.1 (1979) (White, J. dissenting); Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health, Inc., 462 U.S. 416,428 (1983); Webster v. Reproductive Health Services, 492 U.S. 490, 516 n.14 (1989); Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pa. v. Casey, 505 U.S. 833, 930 (1992) (Blackmun, J., concurring and dissenting).

"Potentiality of meaningful life"

Colautti v. Franklin, 439 U.S. 379,387 (1979).

"Potential for human life"

Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health, Inc., 462 U.S. 416, 461 (1983) (O'Connor, J., dissenting).

"Potential life of the unborn child"

Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health, Inc., 462 U.S. 416, 428 (1983); Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pa. v. Casey, 505 U.S. 833,974 (1992) (Rehnquist, C.J., concurring and dissenting).

"Potential life postviability"

Webster v. Reproductive Health Services, 492 U.S. 490, 531 (1989) (O'Connor, J., concurring).

"Potential life of a viable fetus"

Webster v. Reproductive Health Services, 492 U.S. 490, 544 (1989) (Blackmun, J., concurring and dissenting).

"Potential life of an embryo"

Webster v. Reproductive Health Services, 492 U.S. 490, 569 (1989) (Stevens, J., concurring and dissenting).

"Fetus' potential human life"

Webster v. Reproductive Health Services, 492 U.S. 490, 553 (1989) (Blackmun, J., concurring and dissenting); Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pa. v. Casey, 505 U.S. 833, 933 (1992) (Blackmun, J., concurring and dissenting).

"Life or potential life of the unborn"

Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pa. v. Casey, 505 U.S. 833,870 (1992).

"Fetal life or potential life"

Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pa. v. Casey, 505 U.S. 833, 876 (1992).

(1) As quoted by Justice Blackmun in Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113, 142 (1973).

(2) Roe, 410 U.S. 113, 156 (1973).

(3) Id. at 156-57.

(4) Id. at 158.

(5) Printz v. United States, 521 U.S. 898, 905 (1997).

(6) Roe, 410 U.S. at 139:

Gradually, in the middle and late 19th century the quickening distinction disappeared from the statutory law of most States and the degree of the offense and the penalties were increased. By the end of the 1950's, a large majority of the jurisdictions banned abortion, however and whenever performed, unless done to save or preserve the life of the mother. The exceptions, Alabama and the District of Columbia, permitted abortion to preserve the mother's health. Three States permitted abortions that were not "unlawfully" performed or that were not "without lawful justification," leaving interpretation of those standards to the courts. (footnotes omitted); id. at 174-75 (Rehnquist, J. dissenting) ("By the time of the adoption of the Fourteenth Amendment in 1868, there were at least 36 laws enacted by state or territorial legislatures limiting abortion."); Planned Parenthood of Southern Pennsylvania v. Casey, 505 U.S. 833, 980 (1992) (Scalia, J., dissenting) ("IT]he longstanding traditions of American society have permitted [abortion] to be legally proscribed.").

(7) Roe, 410 U.S. at 161-62:

In areas other than criminal abortion, the law has been reluctant to endorse any theory that life, as we recognize it, begins before live birth or to accord legal rights to the unborn except in narrowly defined situation s and except when the rights are contingent upon live birth. For example, the traditional rule of tort law denied recovery for prenatal injuries even though the child was born alive. That rule has been changed in almost every jurisdiction. (footnote omitted) (emphasis added). (8) Id. at 162 ("Similarly, unborn children have been recognized as acquiring rights or interests by way of inheritance or other devolution of property, and have been represented by guardians ad litem").

(9) U.S. CONST. amend. XIV, [section] 1 ("[N]or shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws") (emphasis added).

(10) United States v. Palmer, 16 U.S. 610, 631 (1818).

(11) Roe, 410 U.S. at 157.

(12) Id. at 115.

(13) Id. at 157.

(14) Lessee of Ashton v. Ashton, 1 U.S. 4 (1760). The complete opinion reads as follows:

On special Verdict. Devise to the first Heir Male of I. S. when he shall arrive to the Age of 21 Years, he paying to A. and B. the Daughters of I. S. [40 Pounds] each. After Deviser's Death I. S. had a Son, who attained the Age of 21 Years, and paid his Sisters the [40 Pounds] each. The Question was, whether the Son of I. S. could take by executory Devise? It...

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