22.4 Causation

• Jurisdiction: Arizona

22.4 Causation. Causation is generally a question of fact for the trier of fact to determine.¹⁰ Proximate cause is defined in Arizona as “that which, in a natural and continuous sequence, unbroken by any efficient intervening cause, produces an injury, and without which the injury would not have occurred.”¹¹ Proximate cause is established when the plaintiff’s injury would not have occurred but for the defendant’s conduct.¹² Causation may exist when a landowner’s “actions increase the foreseeable risk of a particular harm occurring through the conduct of a third party….”¹³ The defendant’s acts must be a substantial factor in bringing about the harm to the plaintiff.¹⁴

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