Chapter 7 Experts and the Science of Chemical Tests

Index

Section 7.1 Introduction
Section 7.2 Civil Cases
Section 7.3 Witness Qualification
Section 7.4 Assistance to the Trier of Fact
Section 7.5 Reliability of Underlying Scientific Principles
Section 7.6 Otherwise Reasonably Relied on Facts or Data
Section 7.7 Department of Revenue Cases
Section 7.8 Criminal Cases
Section 7.9 Standard of Review
Section 7.10 Battle of Experts
Section 7.11 Expert’s Opinion on Ultimate Issue Versus Comment on Guilt or Innocence
Section 7.12 Comment on Credibility of Another Witness
Section 7.13 Use of Learned Treatises, Scientific Articles, or Studies
Section 7.14 Forensic Scientists
Section 7.15 Toxicologists, Pharmacists, Biochemists, and Physiologists
Section 7.16 Standardized Field Sobriety Test Experts
Section 7.17 Breath-Test Experts
Section 7.18 Driving Under the Influence of Drugs and Drug Recognition Experts
Section 7.19 Accident Reconstructionists and the “Black Box”
Section 7.20 Physicians, Pharmacologists, Nurses, Dentists, Optometrists, and Psychologists
Section 7.21 Standardized Field Sobriety Testing and Forensic Gait Analysis Experts
Section 7.22 DNA Forensic Scientists and Geneticists (Who Was Driving?)
Section 7.23 Engineering Report or Survey and Definition of Level
Section 7.24 Chemical Test Results: What You Get Versus What Is Needed
Section 7.25 National Academy of Sciences Report and Uncertainty
Section 7.26 Bias and Potential Bias
Section 7.27 National Safety Council and Scientifically Supported Procedures
Section 7.28 Expert Evaluation of Driving While Intoxicated Cases and Expert Reports
Section 7.29 Medical History of Defendant
Section 7.30 Medical Records and Other Documentation
Section 7.31 Testing of Subject
Section 7.32 Breath-Temperature Study
Section 7.33 Pulmonary Function, Small Lung, Asthma, and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Testing
Section 7.34 Complete Blood Count and Blood Circulation Issues
Section 7.35 Liver Function
Section 7.36 Re-creations
Section 7.37 Preparing for Forensic Gait Expert
Section 7.38 Expert’s Dissection of Police Report
Section 7.39 Understanding Point of Reference of Person Completing Report
Section 7.40 National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Training Manual
Section 7.41 Accuracy Check
Section 7.42 Inconsistencies
Section 7.43 Disconnects
Section 7.44 Alternate Explanations of What Officer Claims Are Observed Signs of Intoxication and Poor Standardized Field Sobriety Test Performance: Medical Defenses or Mitigating Factors
Section 7.45 Science of Chemical Tests to Determine Blood Alcohol Content
Section 7.46 Expert’s Checklist for Evaluating Machine Performance, Accuracy, and Validity of Breath Test
Section 7.47 Physical Variables Affect Breath Test
Section 7.48 Department of Health and Senior Services Regulation Changes 2012–2013
Section 7.49 Blood Testing
Section 7.50 BAC DataMaster
Section 7.51 DataMaster DMT (New to Missouri)
Section 7.52 DataMaster DMT‑G (New to Missouri)
Section 7.53 Intoxilyzer® 5000
Section 7.54 Intoxilyzer 8000 (New to Missouri)
Section 7.55 Comparison of Intoxilyzer 5000 and 8000
Section 7.56 Intoxilyzer 9000
Section 7.57 Alco Sensor IV From Intoximeter®
Section 7.58 EC/IR II From Intoximeter (New to Missouri)
Section 7.59 Intoximeter EC/IR and EC/IR II
Section 7.60 Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry
Section 7.61 Immunoassay
Section 7.62 First-Line Defenses: Statutes, Regulations, Methods, and Techniques of Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services
Section 7.63 Ignoring Error Code
Section 7.64 Maintenance Report High Readings and Simulator Solution Error Rates
Section 7.65 Simulators, Simulator Solutions, and Standard Gases
Section 7.66 Wet Bath Simulator
Section 7.67 Simulators Are Unlike Human Breath
Section 7.68 Internal Standards (Internal Accuracy Tests are Misnamed)
Section 7.69 Dry Gas Accuracy Tests and Calibration
Section 7.70 Breath Temperature
Section 7.71 Manipulation of Breath Test—Police Officer Instruction Can Vary Result and Conflict With Department of Health and Senior Services “Methods and Techniques”
Section 7.72 Rising Alcohol Defense and Absorptive Stage Extrapolation
Section 7.73 Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Section 7.74 Lung Size—Varies by Body Size, Age, Gender, and Ethnicity
Section 7.75 Blowing Technique, Volume, and Flow Rate
Section 7.76 Slope Detector Does Not Always Work
Section 7.77 Dental Appliances and Mouth Alcohol
Section 7.78 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease or Acid Reflux Disease
Section 7.79 Low-Carbohydrate, High-Protein, and Low-Calorie Diets
Section 7.80 Specificity and Interfering Substances and Infrared Machines
Section 7.81 Fuel-Cell Machines
Section 7.82 Tyndall Effect Defense
Section 7.83 Civil Motion Challenging Admissibility of Breath-Test Results Based on Prejudice
Section 7.84 Civil Motion Challenging Admissibility of Breath-Test Results Based on § 490.065, RSMo
Section 7.85 Blood-Test Challenges
Section 7.86 Determine Lab Error Rate on Entire Run of Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrum
Section 7.87 Foundation for Introduction of Blood Alcohol Evidence
Section 7.88 Check Calibration Records
Section 7.89 Chain of Custody (External to Lab and Internal in Lab)
Section 7.90 Examination and Medical History Before Blood Draw
Section 7.91 Blood Drawer’s Qualifications and Procedure
Section 7.92 Contamination by Alcohol Swab
Section 7.93 Alcohol Swab Affects Blood Alcohol Content Determination
Section 7.94 Proper Swabbing Technique
Section 7.95 Microbial Contamination
Section 7.96 Testing for Contamination
Section 7.97 Hospital Blood Test (Immunoassay)
Section 7.98 Admissibility of Lab Reports
Section 7.99 Subpoena All Testing Players
Section 7.100 Urine Testing
Section 7.101 Saliva Testing
Section 7.102 Transdermal Testing
Section 7.103 Field Performance of SCRAMx Examined
Section 7.104 Energy Drinks
Section 7.105 Definitions
Section 7.106 Driving Under the Influence of Drugs Analysis
Section 7.107 Twelve Steps for Evaluation by Drug Recognition Expert
Section 7.108 Evaluation of Drug Recognition Expert Program and Action to Take
Section 7.109 Some Additional Suggested Resource Materials
Section 7.110 Drug Recognition Expert Sample Forms and Resource Materials
Section 7.111 Conclusion
Section 7.112 Forensic Standard Should Be Applied in All Criminal Cases
Section 7.113 Conclusion